Fair tests of treatments

Despite acting with the best of intentions, health professionals have sometimes done more harm than good to the patients who have looked to them for help. Some of this suffering can be reduced by ensuring that fair tests are done to address uncertainties about the effects of treatments.


JLL Essay
What are fair tests?

Why do we need fair tests?

 

FILTER CLEAR FILTERS

SORT date ▲ author


FILTER RECORDS BY


Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (1550 BCE)
Case 25. Instruction for a dislocation of his mandible. (Original in the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine. Facsimile in Breasted JH (1930)). Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, IX 2-6. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.

View

Daniel (6th century BCE)
The Book of Daniel, Chapter 1:1-16.

View

al-Razi (10th century CE)
Shukuk ala Jalinus. [Doubts about Galen]

View

Ibn Hindu (10th-11th century CE; 4th-5th century AH)
Miftah al-tibb wa-minhaj al-tullab [The key to the science of medicine and the students' guide].

View

Ben Cao Tu Jing (11th century)
Atlas of Materia Medica. Song Dynasty (960-1279).

View

Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (13th century CE, 7th century AH)
The Book of the Two Pieces of Advice by Abd al-Latif, the son of Yusuf, to the General Public (Kitab al-Nasihatain min Abd al-Latif b. Yusuf ila l-nas kaffatan). Bursa: MS Hüseyin Çelebi 823, item number 5; medical section on fol. 62a-78a; philosophical section: fol. 78b-100b.

View

al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th century AH)
Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine].

View

al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th century AH)
Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine]. As cited in Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿah. ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ [The best accounts of the classes of physicians]. Available in MüIler A, ed. A thirteenth-century history of physicians. 2 vols. Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿah al-Wahbiyyah / Königsberg: Selbstverlag, 1882–4. Vol I, p 314 (five lines from bottom).

View

Ibn Sīnā (c.1012 CE; c.402 AH)
Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb [Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine].

View

Bacon, Roger (1266)
Opus maius. MS Digby 325, 15th century manuscript. Bodleian Library, Oxford.

View

Petrarca F (14th century)
Letter to Boccaccio. Print: Senilium Liber V Epistola iii in: Annotatio nonnullorum librorum seu epistolarum Francisci Petrarche. Venetiis: Torresanus de Asula (1501). Manuscript: Key passage in the late 14th / early 15th century manuscript Biblioteca Marciana Lat. XI 17 / Francesco Petrarca; fol. 28r, second column, lines 9 – 22. (Facsimile of MS: Petrarca F (2003). Seniles, (eds Stocchi MP, Marcon S). Venice: Marsilio.)

View

Aulus Cornelius Celsus (1st century AD)
De Medicina. Florence: Nicolaus [Laurentii]

View

Fioravanti L (1573)
Communication addressed to "Illustrissimo e Eccellentissimo Signor Al Protofisico Boldon e al Vicario di Giustizia", 22 xxxx 1573.

View

Paré A (1575)
1575 Les oeuvres de M. Ambroise Paré conseiller, et premier chirurgien du Roy avec les figures & portraicts tant de l'Anatomie que des instruments de Chirurgie, & de plusieurs Monstres. [The works of M. Ambroise Paré, advisor, and first surgeon to the King, with figures and portraits concerning anatomy as well as surgical instruments, and several monsters] Paris: Gabriel Buon.

View

Hidalgo de Agüero, Bartolomé (1604)
Thesoro de la verdadera cirugía y vía particular contra la común. Sevilla: Francisco Pérez, 1604, pp. 32v.

View

Stuart, James, King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland (1616)
A counterblaste to tobacco. In: The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James Published by James, Bishop of Winton, and Deane of his Majesties Chappel Royall. London: printed by Robert Barker and John Bill, printers to the Kings most excellent Majestie, pp 214-222.

View

Harvey W (c.1640-1657)
Marginalia. In: Aelius Galenus (1640). ΓΑΛΗΝΟΥ, Πρὸς ΘΡΑΣΥΒΟΥΛΟΝ, περὶ ἀρίστης αἱρέσεως. Galeni, De optima Secta, ad Thrasybulum. In: Goulston DT (editor). Galeni Opuscula hoc Libro comprehensa. London: Richard Badger, pp. 66–143.

View

Bacon F (1645)
Franc Baconis de Verulamio / Summi Angliae Cancellarii /Novum organum scientiarum. Lugd. Bat: apud Adrianum Wiingaerde, et Franciscum Moiardum. Aphorism XLVI (pages 45-46).

View

Starkey G (1657)
Natures explication and Helmont’s vindication…Or A short and sure way to a long and sound life. London: printed by E. Cotes for Thomas Alsop at the two Sugar-loaves over against St. Antholins Church at the lower end of Watling Street.

View

Wiseman R (1676)
Eight chirugical treatises. London: R Royston, p 123.

View

de Fontaney F (1703)
Letter to F de la Chaise, from Cheu-Chan (a port in the Province of ‘Chekian’), dated 15 February. In: Lettres Édifiantes Et Curieuses, Écrites Des Missions Étrangères Par Quelques Missionnaires De La Compagnie De Jesus [Edifying and curious letters, written from the foreign missions by some missionaries of the Company of Jesus]. 34 vols. Paris: Chez Nicolas le Clerc, rue Saint Jacques, à l’Image Saint Lambert, 1703-1776. Vol. 7 (1707): pp. 234-244.

View

Papin D (1704)
123. Papin an Leibniz. In: Gerland E (1881) Leibnizens und Huygens’ Briefwechsel mit Papin. Berlin:Verlag der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. p 328.

View

Nettleton T (1722)
Part of a letter from Dr. Nettleton, physician at Halifax, to Dr. Jurin, R. S. Sec concerning the inoculation of the small pox, and the mortality of that distemper in the natural way. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1722-1723) 32:209-212.

View

Massey I (1723)
A short and plain account of inoculation. With some remarks on the main argument made use of to recommend that practice, by Mr. Maitland and others. To which is added, a letter to the learned James Jurin, M.D.R.S. Secr. Col. Reg. Med. Lond. Soc. London: W. Meadows.

View

Jurin J (1724)
A letter to the learned Dr. Caleb Cotesworth, F. R. S. of the College of Physicians, London, and physician to St. Thomas's Hospital; containing a comparison between the danger of the natural small pox, and that given by inoculation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1722 - 1723), 32:213-227.

View

Boylston Z (1726)
Historical account of the small-pox inoculated in New-England, upon all sorts of persons, whites, blacks, and of all ages and constitutions. London: Printed for S. Chandler.

View

Scheuchzer JG (1729)
An account of the success of inoculating the small-pox in Great Britain, for the years 1727 and 1728: With a comparison between the mortality of the natural small-pox, and the miscarriages in that practice; as also some general remarks on its progress. London: J.Peele.

View

Cassem Algaida Aga (1729)
Paper relating to the inoculation of the small-pox, as it is practised in the Kingdoms of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algier. In: Scheuchzer JG. An account of the success of inoculating the small-pox in Great Britain, for the years 1727 and 1728. London: J. Peele, pp 61-63.

View

Clifton F (1732)
The state of physick, ancient and modern, briefly considered: with a plan for the improvement of it. London printed by W Bowyer, for John Nourse without Temple-Bar.

View

Berkeley G (1752)
Farther thoughts on tar-water. In: Bishop of Cloyne. A miscellany, containing several tracts on various subjects. London: Tonson and Draper.

View

Smellie W (1752)
A treatise on the theory and practice of Midwifery. 2nd edition. London: D. Wilson, T Durham, p 224.

View

Faure JL (1759)
Recueil des pieces qui ont concouru pour le prix de L’Académie Royale de Chirurgie Vol 8 [Collection of reports that competed for the prize of the Royal Academy of Surgery]. Paris, P.Al Le Prieur.

View

Franklin B (1759)
Some account on the success of inoculation for the small-pox in England and America. London: W Strahan.

View

Vage (1759)
An extract of a letter from Mr Vage, dated at Senegal, Oct. 15, 1759. Medical Observations and Inquiries 1764;2. London: William Johnston, pp 269-272.

View

Repertoire du Regi[s]tre CC (1761)
Maladies Vénériennes, et la Chambre Noble [Venereal diseases, and the City Council]. Archives d’Etat de Genève, Arch. Hosp. Aa 104, 18 janvier, p 53, and 6 décembre, pp 135-6.

View

Hillary W (1761)
An inquiry into the means of improving medical knowledge. London: Hitch and Hawes.

View

Lind J (1762)
An essay on the most effectual means of preserving the health of seamen, in the Royal Navy. London: D Wilson.

View

Lind J (1763)
Two papers on fevers and infection. London: D Wilson.

View

Pierce R (1763)
Quoted in Sutherland A. Attempts to revive ancient medical doctrines Volume 1. London: A Millar, pp xxiii-xxiv.

View

Bilguer JU (1764)
A dissertation on the inutility of the amputation of limbs. London: Baldwin, Becket and de Hondt.

View

Stone E (1764)
An account of the success of the bark of the willow in the cure of agues. Philosophical Transactions 53:195-200.

View

Watson W (1768)
An account of a series of experiments, instituted with a view of ascertaining the most successful method of inoculating the smallpox. London: J Nourse.

View

Millar J (1770)
Observations on the prevailing diseases in Great Britain. London: Cadell.

View

Lind J (1771)
An essay on diseases incidental to Europeans in hot climates. London: Becket and De Hondt.

View

Aikin J (1771)
Thoughts on hospitals. London: Joseph Johnson.

View

Society of Gentlemen in Scotland (1771)
Medicine. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol 1. Edinburgh: Bell & Macfarquhar, pp 630-632.

View

Gregory J (1772)
Lectures on the duties and qualifications of a physician. London: Strahan and Cadell. (new ed.) Edinburgh: Creech.

View

Cullen W (1772)
Clinical lectures. Edinburgh, Feb-April, 218-219.

View

Sims J (1774)
A discourse on the best methods of prosecuting medical enquiries. London: J Johnson, p78-9, 80, 86-88, 99-101.

View

Lettsom JC (1775)
On the improvement of medicine in London on the basis of public good. London: Phillips.

View

Millar J (1777)
Observations on the practice in the medical department of the Westminster General Dispensary. London, by order of the Governors.

View

Dobson M (1779)
A medical commentary on fixed air. Chester: J. Monk.

View

Millar J (1779)
Observations on the management of the prevailing diseases particularly in the Army and Navy. London, for the author.

View

Clark J (1780)
Observations on fevers, especially of the continued type. London: T Cadell.

View

Home F (1780)
Clinical experiments, histories and dissections. Edinburgh: Creech; London: Murray.

View

Black W (1782)
An historical sketch of medicine and surgery from their origin to the present time. London: J Johnson.

View

Alanson E (1782)
Practical observations on amputation, and the after-treatment, 2nd edn. London: Joseph Johnson.

View

McCausland R (1783)
Facts and observations on different medical subjects. Medical Commentaries viii (1781/82), 247-96.

View

Lavoisier A-L de (1784)
Undated documents contained in: Mémoires de Lavoisier, Oeuvres, Tome III. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1865. p 509.

View

Haygarth J (1784)
An inquiry into how to prevent smallpox. Chester and London.

View

Commission Royale. Bailly A (1784)
Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi, de l'examen du magnétisme animale [Report of the Comissioners required by the King to examine animal magnetism]. Imprimé par ordre du Roi. Paris: A Paris, de L'Imprimerie Royale.

View

Fowler T (1785)
Medical reports of the effects of tobacco in the cure of dropsies and dysuries.... London: J Johnson.

View

Fowler T (1786)
Medical reports of the effects of arsenic in the cure of agues, remitting fevers and periodic headachs. London: J Johnson, pp 105-107.

View

Hunter J (1788)
A treatise on the venereal disease. London: G Nicol and J Johnson, pp 69-70.

View

Gordon A (1788)
The practice of physick. Unpublished manuscript.

View

Percival T (1788)
Essays medical, philosophical and experimental Vol 1.4th ed. Warrington: Eyres, for London: Johnson.

View

Black W (1788)
A comparative view of the mortality of the human species at all ages. London: Dilly, pp 35-38.

View

Black W (1789)
An arithmetical and medical analysis of the diseases and mortality of the human species. London: J Johnson.

View

Robertson R (1789)
Observations on jail, hospital, or ship fever. New ed. London: for the Author.

View

Robertson R (1790)
Essay on fever. London: printed for the author.

View

Clark J (1792)
Observations on the diseases which prevail in long voyages to hot countries. London: J Murray.

View

Trotter T (1792)
Observations on the scurvy. London: Longman, pp 137-138, 184.

View

Ferriar J (1792)
Medical histories and reflections. Vol 1. London: Cadell and Davies.

View

Rowley W (1793)
The causes of a great number of deaths amongst adults and children. 2nd edn. London: Newbery.

View

Fordyce G (1793)
An attempt to improve the evidence of medicine. Transactions of a Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge.  London: J Johnson.

View

Hunter J (1794)
A treatise on the blood, inflammation and gun-shot wounds. London: G Nichol, p 531.

View

Ferriar J (1795)
Medical histories and reflections. Vol. 2. London: Cadell and Davies.

View

Sutton D (1796)
The Inoculator; or Suttonian system of inoculation, fully set forth in a plain and familiar manner. London: Printed for the author.

View

Fordyce G (1798)
A third dissertation on fever, Parts I & II. London: J Johnson.

View

Jenner E (1798)
An enquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae. London: S Low.

View

Millar J (1798)
Observations on the conduct of the war. An appeal to the people of Great Britain. London: for the author.

View

Jenner E (1801)
The origin of the vaccine inoculation. Printed by DN Shury, Berwick Street, Soho.

View

Cooper A (1801)
Farther observations on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the ear; with an account of the operation for the removal of a particular species of deafness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Part 1:435-451.

View

Fordyce G (1802)
A second dissertation on fever. London: J Johnson.

View

Fordyce G (1803)
A fifth dissertation on fever. London: J Johnson.

View

Percival T (1803)
Medical ethics or, a code of institutes and precepts adapted to the professional conduct of physicians and surgeons. Manchester: S Russell for J Johnson.

View

Currie W (1804)
Medical reports of the effects of water: cold and warm as a remedy in fever and febrile diseases. Vol. 2. London: M’Creery & Cadell.

View

Pearson G, Nihell L, Nelson T, Keate T, Forster T, Carpue JC, Doratt J, Rivers F, Brand EA, de Bruyn P, Heaviside J, Payne T, Sancho W (1805)
Original Vaccine Pock Institution. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 1:513-515.

View

Cuming R (1805)
On the use of aqua frigida in scalds, in epidemic ophthalmia, and the effects of cold on the human body. Medical and Physical Journal. 14:239-241.

View

Sutton T (1806)
A practical account of remittent fever. London: Robinson, p 16-17.

View

Falconer W (1807)
A practical dissertation on the effects of the medicinal effects of the Bath waters. London and Bath: Robinson & Crutwell. 3rd edition Bath: Meyler and London: Robinson, pp 29, 40-41, 50-52, 72-74, 99, 101, 106, 115-116, 117, 124.

View

Blane G (1813)
Observations on the comparative prevalence, mortality, & treatment of different diseases.... Medico-chirurgical Transactions, Vol 4, p 89-141, London.

View

Young T (1813)
An Introduction to Medical Literature, including a System of Practical Nosology, Intended as a Guide to Students, and an Assistant to Practitioners. London: Underwood and Blacks.

View

Guthrie GJ (1815)
A treatise on gun-shot wounds. London: Burgess and Hill.

View

Hutchinson AC (1817)
Some further observations on the subject of the proper period for amputating in gun-shot wounds. London: Callow, p16.

View

MacLean C (1818)
Results of an Investigation, respecting Epidemic and Pestilential Diseases. Vol. 2. London: Underwood.

View

Marcet A (1819)
An essay on the chemical history and medical treatment of calculous disorders. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown.

View

Double FJ (1820)
Considérations thérapeutiques sur une nouvelle préparation de quinquina. Revue médicale, 6ème livraison.

View

Prout WM (1821)
An inquiry into the nature and treatment of gravel, calculus and other diseases connected with a deranged operation of the urinary organs. London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.

View

Elliotson J (1823)
Medical properties of quinine. Medico-Chirurgical Transactions 12:543-564.

View

Richerand A (1825)
Histoire des progrès récens de la chirurgie [History of recent progress in surgery]. Paris: Béchet le Jeune, p 27.

View

Yelloly J (1829)
Remarks on the tendency to calculous diseases with observations on the nature of urinary concretions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 119: 55-81.

View

Hawkins FB (1829)
The elements of medical statistics. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green.

View

Magendie F (1829)
Formulaire pour la préparation et l'emploi de plusieurs médicaments. Paris, imprimerie de Plassan,1ère édition.

View

Todd TJ (1831)
The book of analysis or a new method of experience whereby the induction of the Novum Organon [of Bacon] is made easy of application to medicine, physiology… London, Murray.

View

Ministry of Internal Affairs (1832)
[Conclusion of the Medical Council regarding homeopathic treatment] . Zhurnal Ministerstva Vnutrennih del;3:49-63.

View

Bostock J (1833)
History of medicine. In: Forbes et al. eds. The cyclopaedia of practical medicine. Vol 1. Sherwood et al.: London, pp i-lxxii (see p lxix).

View

Bigelow J (1835)
A discourse on self-limited diseases, delivered before the Massachusetts Medical Society at their annual meeting, May 27, 1835. Boston: Nathan Hale p 8-10.

View

Hunter J (1835)
The works of John Hunter FRS, edited by James F Palmer, Vol 1. London: Longman et al., p 360.

View

Louis PCA (1835)
Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dans quelques maladies inflammatoires et sur l'action de l'émétique et des vésicatoires dans la pneumonie [Research on the effects of bloodletting in some inflammatory illnesses and on the action of emetics and blistering in pneumonia]. Paris: Librairie de l'Académie royale de médecine.

View

Louis PCA (1837)
The applicability of statistics to the practice of medicine. London Medical Gazette 20 :488-491.

View

Alcock R (1840)
Observations on injuries of joints and their treatment. Medico - chirurgical Transactions 23: 243-322.

View

Gavarret LDJ (1840)
Principes généraux de statistique médicale: ou développement des régles qui doivent présider à son emploi [General principles of medical statistics: or the development of rules that must govern their use]. Paris: Bechet jeune & Labé.

View

Alcock R (1840-41a)
Lectures on amputations and on the nature, progress and termination of the injuries for which it is required (Lecture 1 of 20). Lancet 1:105-111 and passim up to 2:849—858.

View

Alcock R (1840-41b)
Lectures on amputations and on the nature, progress and termination of the injuries for which it is required (Lecture 2 of 20). Lancet 1:217-220 and passim up to 2:849—858.

View

Bartlett E (1844)
An essay on the philosophy of medical science. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.

View

Forbes J (1846)
Homoeopathy, allopathy and “young physic”. British and Foreign Medical Review 225-265.

View

Thomson TRH (1846)
On the value of quinine in African remittent fever. Lancet 47:244-245.

View

Simpson JY (1847)
Account of a new anesthetic agent. Edinburgh.

View

Bryson A (1847)
Report on the Climate and Principal Diseases of the African Station. London: Printed by order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

View

Balfour TG (1854)
Quoted in West C. Lectures on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood. London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, p 600.

View

Bryson A (1854)
On the prophylactic influence of quinine. Medical Times and Gazette 8:6-7.

View

Treatment Committee of the Medical Council (1855)
Report on the results of the different methods of treatment pursued in epidemic cholera. [Metropolitan Report and Report on the Provinces throughout England and Scotland]. Report to the General Board of Health. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

View

McShane C (1856)
Medical Statistical Returns of the African Station. In: Statistical Report of the Health of the Royal Navy for the year 1856. London: House of Commons, pp 82-83.

View

Baikie WB (1856)
Narrative of an exploring voyage up the rivers Kwora and Binue in 1854. London: John Murray.

View

Holmes OW (1861)
Currents and countercurrents in medical science with other addresses and essays. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1861.

View

Airy GB (1861)
On the algebraical and numerical theory of errors of observations and the combination of observations. Cambridge: MacMillan and Co.

View

Mill JS (1862)
A system of logic ratiocinative and inductive. 5th Edn,vol 1. London:Parker, Son and Bourn, pp418,431-3.

View

Flint A (1863)
A contribution toward the natural history of articular rheumatism; consisting of a report of thirteen cases treated solely with palliative measures. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 46:17-36.

View

Béclard PA (1863)
Rapport général sur les prix décernés en 1862 [General report on the prizes awarded in 1862]. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale de Médecine XXVI, Paris: Ballière, pp. xxii-xxxv.

View

Barclay AW (1864)
Medical errors: fallacies connected with the application of the inductive method of reasoning to the science of medicine. London: Churchill, p 55 and 71-73.

View

Bernard C (1865)
Introduction à l'étude de la médicine expérimentale [Introduction to the study of experimental medicine]. Paris: Flammarion.

View

Sutton HG (1865)
Cases of rheumatic fever treated for the most part by mint water. Guy’s Hospital Reports 2:392-428.

View

Bennett JH (1865)
The restorative treatment of pneumonia. Edinburgh, AC Black.

View

Liebreich O (1869)
Das Chloral, ein neues Hypnoticum und Anaesthetikum [Chloral, a new hypnotic and anaesthetic]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 6:325-327.

View

Lister J (1870)
Effects of the antiseptic system of treatment upon the salubrity of a surgical hospital. Lancet 1:4-6 and 40-42.

View

Bain A (1870)
Logic. London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer p 362.

View

Crichton Browne J (1872)
Conium in the treatment of acute mania. Lancet 1:217-8.

View

Maclagan T (1876)
The treatment of acute rheumatism by salicin. Lancet 1:383-84.

View

Wanscher O (1877)
Om Diphteritis og Croup - særligt med hensyn til Tracheostomien ved samme. [On diphtheria and croup - especially regarding tracheostomy in this condition]. Disputats [Thesis]. Jacob Lund: Kjøbenhavn, p 67-68.

View

O’Dwyer J (1887)
Fifty cases of croup in private practice treated by intubation of the larynx, with a description of the method and of the dangers incident thereto. Medical Record 32:557-561.

View

Stuart W (1889)
A remarkable case of morphine addiction. BMJ 1:1051-52.

View

Anonymous (1890)
The placebo in medicine. Medical Press 1890:18th June p642.

View

Murray GR (1891)
Note on the treatment of myxoedema by hypodermic injections of an extract of the thyroid gland of a sheep. BMJ 2:796-797.

View

Andrew J (1891)
Harveian Oration. London: Adlard and Son. p 16-19.

View

Moll A (1891)
Hypnotism. London: Walter Scott, p 224.

View

Bettencourt R, Serrano J-A (1891)
Un cas de myxœdème (cachexie pachydermique) traité par la greffe hypodermique du corps thyroïde d’un mouton. [A case of myxœdema (pachydermous cachexia) treated with hypodermic transplant of sheep thyroid gland]. Compte rendu de la 19eme session de l‘Association française our l’avancement des sciences, Limoges, 1890, pp 683-690.

View

Dymock W, Warden CJH, Hooper D (1891)
A history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India. Pharmacographia Indica Vol. II. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, pp 180-181.

View

Ephraim A (1893)
Uber die Bedeutung de statistischen Methode für die Medicin [On the relevance of the statistical method for medicine]. Volkmann’s Sammlung Klinische Vortraege N.F. Innere Medicin 24:706-716. Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel.

View

Behring EA, Boer NN, Kossel H (1893)
Zur Behandlung diphtheriekranker Menschen mit Diphtherieheilserum [On the treatment of diphtheria patients with curative diphtheria serum]. Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift 17:389-39.

View

Roux E, Martin L, Chaillou A (1894)
Trois cent cas de diphthérie traité par le serum antidiphthérique. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur 8:640-661.

View

Finsen NR (1896)
Om Anvendelse I Medicinen af koncentrerede kemiske Lysstraaler. [On the application in medicine of concentrated chemical rays of light]. Kjøbenhavn: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag.

View

Haffkine WM (1896)
Correspondence: Explanation of his inoculation report forms. Indian Medical Gazette 31:189-190.

View

Heiberg P (1897)
Studier over den statistiske undersøgelsesmetode som hjælpemiddel ved terapeutiske undersøgelser [Studies on the statistical study design as an aid in therapeutic trials]. Bibliotek for Læger 89:1-40.

View

Davenport CB (1899)
Statistical methods, with special reference to biological variation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

View

Cotton FJ (1899)
The Present Status of the Antistreptococcic Serum. New England Journal of Medicine 140:105-109. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM189902021400501

View

Koch R (1900)
Vierter Bericht über die Thätigkeit der Malaria-Expedition, die Monate März und April 1900 umfassend [Fourth report on the activity of the Malaria Expedition, comprising the months of March and April 1900] Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift 25:397-398.

View

Choksy NH (1901)
Plague treatment with Lustig’s serum. Indian Medical Gazette 36:154–155.

View

Hulshoff-Pol MDJ (1902)
Katjang idjo, un nouveau medicament contre le béri-béri [Katjang idjo (mung beans), a new treatment for beri-beri]. Janus 7:524-581.

View

Gorgas WC (1902)
Mosquito work in Havana. New York: William Wood and Company.

View

Celli A (1903)
La malaria in Italia durante il 1902. Parte II: Profilassi della malaria. [Malaria in Italy in 1902. Part II: Prophylaxis of Malaria]. Annali di Igiene Sperimentale 13:322-343.

View

Pearson K (1904)
Report on certain enteric fever inoculation statistics. BMJ 3:1243-1246.

View

Rosenbach O (1905)
Die Diagnose als ätiologischer Factor [The diagnosis as a factor in aetiology]. Zeitschrift fur klinische Medicin 56:232-240.

View

Takaki K (1906)
On the preservation of health among the personnel of the Japanese navy and army. Lecture II: The methods for investigating the cause of beri-beri. Lancet 1:1451-55.

View

Rivers WHR (1908)
The influence of alcohol and other drugs on fatigue. London: Edward Arnold.

View

Anonymous (1908)
Alcohol in the treatment of pneumonia and enteric fever. Lancet 157:442.

View

Alt K (1909)
Behandlungsversuche mit Arsenophenylglyzin bei Paralytikern [Treatment experiments with arsenophenylglycine in paralytics]. Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 56:1457-1459.

View

Wechselmann W (1910)
Über die Behandlung der Syphilis mit Dioxydiamido-arseno-benzol [On the treatment of syphilis with dioxy-diamido-arseno-benzol]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 47:1261-1264.

View

Freeman J (1910)
Vaccine therapy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 3:97-101.

View

Solis-Cohen M, Strickler A (1911)
The effect produced by some therapeutic measures on the different forms of leucocytes in pulmonary tuberculosis. New England Journal of Medicine 165:563-568.

View

McDonagh JER (1912)
Salvarsan in syphilis and allied diseases. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications.

View

Advisory Committee on Plague Investigations in India (1912)
The serum treatment of human plague. Journal of Hygiene. Plague Supplement II, LVI:326-39.

View

Barnes HL (1912)
Report of 150 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis treated with tuberculin. JAMA 59:332-33.

View

De Quervain JF (1913)
Die Behandlung der akute Appendicitis auf Grund einer schweizerischen Sammelstatistik [The treatment of acute appendicitis on the basis of aggregated Swiss hospital statistics]. Correspondenzblatt für Schweizer Aerzte 43:1609-1624.

View

Wesselhoeft W (1915)
Hospital Efficiency from the Standpoint of Hospital Trustees. The New England Journal of Medicine 172:778. 10.1056/NEJM191505271722104

View

Sollmann T (1917)
The crucial test of therapeutic evidence. JAMA 69:198-199.

View

Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry (1917)
Biniodol. JAMA 68: 650-51.

View

Bleuler E (1919)
Das Autistisch-Undisziplinierte Denken in der Medizin und Seine Überwindung [Autistic-undisciplined thinking in medicine and how to overcome it]. Berlin: Springer.

View

Pearl R (1919)
A statistical discussion of the relative efficacy of different methods of treating pneumonia. Archives of Internal Medicine 24:398-403.

View

Mcguire LW, Redden WR (1919)
Treatment of Influenzal pneumonia by the use of convalescent human serum, Second report. JAMA 72:709-713. doi:10.1001/jama.1919.02610100017007

View

Marine D, Kimball OP (1920)
The prevention of simple goiter in man: fourth paper. Archives of Internal Medicine 25:661-72.

View

Acton HW (1920)
Researches on the treatment of benign tertian fever. Lancet 1:1257-1261.

View

Chick H, Dalyell EJ (1921)
Observations on the influence of foods in stimulating development in backward children. BMJ 2:1061-1066.

View

Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campell WR, Fletcher AA (1922)
Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Canadian Medical Association Journal 12: 141 - 146.

View

Chick H, Dalyell EJ, Hume EM, Mackay HMM, Henderson Smith H, Wimberger H (1923)
Observations upon the prophylaxis and cure of rickets at the University Kinderklinik, Vienna. In: Medical Research Council. Studies of rickets in Vienna, 1919-22. Special Report Series No. 77. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, pp 19-94.

View

Goldberger J, Waring CH, Tanner WF (1923)
Pellagra prevention by diet among inmates. Public Health Reports 38:2361-2368.

View

McCall WA (1923)
How to experiment in education. New York: Macmillan.

View

Locke EA (1924)
The serologic treatment of lobar pneumonia. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 190:196-203.

View

Greenwood M (1924)
Is the statistical method of any value in medical research? Lancet 2: 153-158.

View

Lewis S (1925)
Arrowsmith. New York: Collier.

View

Malaria Commission of the Health Organisation (1925)
Report on its tour of investigation in certain European countries in 1924. Geneva: League of Nations. C.H. 273.

View

Frost WH (1925)
Rendering account in public health. American Journal of Public Health 15:394-397.

View

Medical Research Council (1925)
Report of the committee upon cinchona derivatives and malaria. In: Clinical comparisons of quinine and quinidine. London: HMSO, pp 5-16.

View

Swellengrebel NH (1925)
A summary of the more important facts on adult anophelines and their larvae observed by us or brought to our notice duing our tour through eastern Europe and Italy (May-September 1924). pp183-190. In: Malaria Commission of the Health Organisation (1925). Report on its tour of investigation in certain European countries in 1924. Geneva: League of Nations. C.H. 273.

View

Corry Mann HC (1926)
Diets for boys during the school age. Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 105, London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.

View

Minot GR, Murphy WP (1926)
Treatment of pernicious anaemia by a special diet. JAMA 87:470-476.

View

Maier HW (1926)
L’ergotamine, inhibiteur du sympathique étudié en clinique, comme moyen d’exploration et comme agent thérapeutique. Revue Neurologique. 1:1104 (June).

View

Barenberg LH, Freidman I, Green W (1926)
The effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the health of a group of infants. JAMA 87(14):1114-1117.

View

Harris KE (1927)
Series of cases of auricular fibrillation treated with quinidine sulphate. Heart 14:283-288.

View

Ferguson FR, Davey AFC, Topley WWC (1927)
The value of mixed vaccines in the prevention of the common cold. Journal of Hygiene 26:98-109.

View

Ferry NS, Gordon EJ, Munro FW, Steele AH, Fisher LW (1928)
Clinical results with measles streptococcus toxin and antitoxin. JAMA 91:1277-1280.

View

Cecil RL (1928)
Specific treatment of lobar pneumonia. Archives of Internal Medicine 41:295-335.

View

Bullowa JGM (1928)
The control. Contribution to a symposium on the use of antipneumococcic refined serum in lobar pneumonia, 15 December 1927. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Sciences 4:339-343.

View

Bullowa JGM (1928)
Use of antipneumococcic refined serum in lobar pneumonia: data necessary for a comparison between cases treated with serum and cases not so treated, and the importance of a significant control series of cases. JAMA 90: 1354-1358.

View

Park WH, Bullowa JGM, Rosenbluth NM (1928)
The treatment of lobar pneumonia with refined specific antibacterial serum. JAMA 91:1503-1508.

View

Bullowa JGM (1929)
The serum treatment and its evaluation in lobar pneumonia. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 5:328-362.

View

Leighton G, McKinlay PL (1930)
Milk consumption and the growth of schoolchildren. Department of Health for Scotland. Edinburgh and London: HM Stationery Office.

View

Lewis T (1930)
Angina pectoris associated with high blood pressure and its relief by amyl nitrate. Heart 14:305-327.

View

Woods HM, Russell WT (1931)
An introduction to medical statistics. London: Staples Press.

View

Ellison JB (1932)
Intensive vitamin therapy in measles. BMJ 2:708-711.

View

Greenwood M (1934)
Epidemics and crowd-diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

View

Medical Research Council Therapeutic Trials Committee (1934)
The serum treatment of lobar pneumonia. BMJ 1:241-245.

View

Walker MB (1934)
Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine. Lancet 1:1200-1201.

View

Robin L, Van-Huan T (1935)
Essais comparés de prophylaxie médicamenteuse en région hyperendémique par la praequine et la quinine ou la quinacrine [Comparative trials of anti-malarial drug prophylaxis in a hyperendemic area with præquine, associated with quinine or quinacrine]. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique 28:650-658.

View

Lennox WG, Von Storch TJC (1935)
Experiences with ergotamine tartrate in 120 patients with migraine. JAMA 105:169-171.

View

Gilliam AG, Onstott RH (1936)
Results of field studies with poliomyelitis vaccine. American Journal of Public Health 26:113-118.

View

Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936)
Treatment with prontosil of puerperal infections due to haemolytic streptococci. Lancet 2:1319-1322.

View

Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936)
Treatment of human puerperal infections, and of experimental infections in mice, with prontosil. Lancet 1:1279-1286.

View

Sutliff WD (1936)
Adequate tests of curative therapy in man. Annals of Internal Medicine 1936-1937;10:89-97.

View

Bentley PJ (1936)
Artificial pneumothorax: experience of the London County Council. Medical Research Council. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.

View

O’Sullivan ME (1936)
Termination of 1000 attacks of migraine with ergotamine tartrate. JAMA 107:1208-1212.

View

Theobald GW (1937)
Effect of calcium and vitamin A and D on incidence of pregnancy toxaemia. Lancet 2:1397-1399.

View

Parrot A, Catanei A, Ambialet R, Clastrier J (1937)
Comparative experiments in mass prophylaxis of malaria by means of quinine and synthetic drugs (quinacrine and praequine). Bulletin of the Health Organization of the League of Nations 6:685-765.

View

Colebrook L, Purdie AW (1937)
Treatment of 106 cases of puerperal fever by sulphanilamide. Lancet 2:1237-1242 & 1291-1294.

View

Hill AB (1937)
Principles of medical statistics. I. The aim of the statistical method; and General summary and conclusions. Lancet 1:41-43 and 883-885.

View

Hill AB (1937)
Artificial pneumothorax on statistical trial. Lancet 229: 535-536.

View

Editorial (1937)
Mathematics and medicine. Lancet 1:31.

View

Bullowa JGM (1937)
Serum therapy. In: Bullowa JGM. The management of the pneumonias. New York: Oxford University Press, pp 283-298.

View

Hill AB (1937)
Principles of medical statistics. London: Lancet.

View

Riseman JEF, Brown MG (1937)
Medicinal treatment of angina pectoris. Archives of Internal Medicine 60:100-118.

View

Bowie FJ (1938)
Chemotherapy in gonorrhoea: a preliminary report on the use of 2-(p-aminobenzenesulphonamido)pyridine, M & B 693. BMJ 2:283-284.

View

Aykroyd WR, Krishnan RSBG (1938)
Effect of calcium lactate on children in a nursery school. Lancet 2:153-155.

View

Mainland D (1938)
The treatment of clinical and laboratory data: an introduction to statistical ideas and methods for medical and dental workers. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

View

Bahnsen P, Jacobsen E, Thesleff H (1938)
Studien über die Wirkung von beta-phenyl-isopropylaminsulfdat (Mecodrin) auf normale Menschen. [Studies on the effect of beta-phenyl-isopropylaminsulfdat (Mecodrin) on normal volunteers]. Klinische Wochenschrift 17:1074-1078.

View

Kendrick P, Eldering G (1939)
A study in active immunization against pertussis. American Journal of Hygiene 29 Sec. B:133-153.

View

Banks HS (1939)
Chemotherapy of meningococcal meningitis. Lancet 2:921-927.

View

Lanman TH, Heyl HL (1939)
Empyema in Children. New England Journal of Medicine 221:1003-1009.

View

Price MR (1940)
Effects of a supplement of vitamin B (adsorbate) on the growth of infants. BMJ 2:80-82.

View

Gaddum JH (1940)
Pharmacology. London: Oxford University Press 378-383.

View

Lindquist EF (1940)
Statistical analysis in educational research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

View

Dahlberg G (1940)
Statistical methods for medical and biological students. London: George Allen & Unwin.

View

Abraham EP, Chain E, Fletcher CM, Gardner AD, Heatley NG, Jennings AM, Florey HW (1941)
Further observations on penicillin. Lancet 2:177-189.

View

Bell JA (1941)
Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine. Public Health Reports 56:1535-1546.

View

Pulvertaft RJPV (1943)
Local therapy of war wounds: I with Penicillin (article 1 of 2). Lancet 2:341-36 and 379-384

View

Florey ME, Florey HW (1943)
General and local administration of penicillin. Lancet 1:387.

View

Hinshaw HC, Feldman WH (1944)
Evaluation of therapeutic agents in clinical tuberculosis. American Review in Tuberculosis 50:202-213.

View

Van Winkle W, Herwick RF, Calvery HO, Smith A (1944)
Laboratory and clinical appraisal on new drugs. Report of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry. JAMA 126:958-961.

View

Anderson T (1944)
Clinical studies in sulphonamide chemotherapy. MD thesis, University of Glasgow.

View

Mackenna RMB, Cooper-Willis ES (1945)
Impetigo contagiosa in the army, treated with microcrystalline sulphathiazole. Lancet 2:357-358.

View

Blalock A, Taussig HB (1945)
The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart: In which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia. JAMA 128:189-202.

View

Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman A and McLennan MT (1946)
Nitrogen mustard therapy. Use of methyl-bis(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride and tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. Journal of the American Medical Association 132:126-132.

View

Christie RV (1946)
Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Lancet 1:369.

View

Johnstone RDC (1946)
Relapsing benign tertian malaria treated with paludrine. Lancet 2:825-826.

View

Medical Research Council (1948)
Streptomycin treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Lancet 1:582-596.

View

Mainland D (1948)
Statistical methods in medical research. Canadian Journal of Research E, 26:1-166.

View

Merk R (1948)
Die Stickstoffsenfgasbehandlung der Lymphogranulomatose [Nitrogen Mustard Treatment of Lymphogranulomatosis]. Medizinische Klinik 43:629-35.

View

Farber S, Diamond LK, Mercer RD, Sylvester RF, Wolff JA (1948)
Temporary remissions in acute leukaemia in children produced by folic acide antagonist, 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid (aminopterin). New England Journal of Medicine 238:787-793.

View

Bell JA (1948)
Pertussis immunization use of two doses of an alum-precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. JAMA 137:1276-1281.

View

Christie RV (1948)
Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. BMJ 1:1-4.

View

Bell JA (1948)
The epidemiological principles and procedures involved in a study of the prophylactic value of an alum-precipated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. Thesis submitted to the School of Hygiene and Public Health of the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Public Health.

View

Bell JA (1948)
Diphtheria immunization use of an alum-precipitated mixture of pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid. JAMA 137:1009-1016.

View

Marshall EK (1949)
Clinical therapeutic trial of a new drug. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 85:221-230.

View

Appelbaum E, Nelson J, Albin MB (1949)
The treatment of penumococcic meningitis with penicillin; a study of 125 consecutive cases, with 73% recovery. American Journal of Medicial Science 218:260-4.

View

Editorial (1950)
Are statistics necessary? JAMA 143:1260-1261.

View

Reid DD (1950)
Statistics in clinical research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 52:931-934.

View

Baker C, Brock RC, Campbell M (1950)
Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; report of six successful cases. BMJ 1:1283–1293.

View

Rinzler SH, Bakst H, Benjamin Z, Bobb AL, Travell J (1950)
Failure of alpha tocopherol to influence chest pain in patients with heart disease. Circulation 1:288-293.

View

Daniels M (1951)
Clinical evaluation of chemotherapy in tuberculosis. British Medical Bulletin 7:320-326.

View

Hill AB (1951)
The clinical trial. British Medical Bulletin 7:278-282.

View

Ross OB (1951)
The use of controls in medical research. JAMA 145:72-75.

View

Powers E, Witmer HL (1951)
An experiment in the prevention of delinquency: the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study. New York: Columbia University Press.

View

Hill AB (1952)
The clinical trial. New England Journal of Medicine 247:113-119.

View

Bernstein L, Weatherall M (1952)
Statistics for medical and other biological students. London: E & S Livingstone.

View

Bross I (1952)
Sequential medical plans. Biometrics 8:188-205.

View

Baker C, Brock RC, Campbell M, Wood P (1952)
Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; a further report on 100 cases. BMJ 1:1043–1055.

View

Mainland D (1952)
Intercurrent Events. In: Elementary Medical Statistics: the principles of quantitative medicine. London: WB Saunders Company, p 109. [Facimile copy printed and bound in India. Pranava Books. 2- LB100151138852 -301 -4 sa.]

View

Hamilton M, Wilson GM, Armitage P, Boyd JT (1953)
The treatment of intermittent claudication with Vitamin E. Lancet 1: 367-370.

View

Bickel H, Gerrard J, Hickmans EM. (1953)
Influence of phenylalanine intake on phenylketonuria. Lancet 265:812-813.

View

Rinzler SH, Travell J, Bakst H, Benjamin ZH, Rosenthal RL, Rosenfeld S, Hirsch BB (1953)
Effect of heparin in effort angina. American Journal of Medicine 14:438-447.

View

Hogben L (1954)
The assessment of remedies. Medical Press 232:331-338.

View

Kilpatrick GS, Oldham PD (1954)
Calcium chloride and adrenaline as bronchial dilators compared by sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1388-1391.

View

Miall WE, Oldham PD, Cochrane AL (1954)
The treatment of complicated pneumoconiosis with isoniazid. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 11:186-191.

View

Mainland D (1954)
The modern method of clinical trial. In Steele JM, ed. Methods in Medical Research, Vol 6. Chicago: Year Book Inc, pp152-158.

View

Gaddum JH (1954)
Clinical pharmacology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 47:195-204.

View

Lasagna L (1955)
The controlled clinical trial: theory and practice. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1:353-367.

View

Mainland D (1955)
An experimental statistician looks at anthropometry. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 63:474-483.

View

Herdan G (1955)
Statistics of Therapeutic Trials. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

View

Tebrock HE, Arminio JJ, Johnston JH (1956)
Usefulness of bioflavinoids and ascorbic acid in treatment of common cold. JAMA 162:1227-1233.

View

Newton DRL, Tanner JM (1956)
N-acetyl-para-aminophenol as an analgesic. A controlled clinical trial using the method of sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1096-9.

View

Snell ES, Armitage P (1957)
Clinical comparison of diamorphine and pholcodine as cough suppressants by a new method of sequential analysis. Lancet 1:860-862

View

Greiner T, Bross I, Gold H (1957)
A method for evaluation of laxative habits in human subjects. Journal of Chronic Diseases 6:244-255.

View

Bjerkelund CJ (1957)
The effect of long-term treatment with dicoumarol in myocardial infarction. A controlled clinical study. Acta Med Scand Suppl 330:1-212.

View

Cox DR (1958)
Planning of experiments. London: Wiley.

View

Kerr DNS, Davidson S (1958)
Gastrointestinal intolerance to oral iron preparations. Lancet 2:489-492.

View

Watkinson G (1958)
Treatment of ulcerative colitis with topical hydrocortisone hemisuccinate sodium. A controlled trial employing restricted sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1077-82.

View

Symposium on Clinical Trials RSM (1958)
Report of a meeting held at the Royal Society of Medicine, London on 25th April 1958.

View

Sutherland I (1958)
Statistical aspects of clinical trials. In: Dodds C, ed. Report of a Symposium on Clinical Trials held at The Royal Society of Medicine, London, 25 April, p 53, pp 50-55.

View

Doll R (1959)
Practical problems of drug trials in clinical practice. Lawrence DR, ed. Quantitative methods in human pharmacology and therapeutics. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 213-221.

View

Oldham PD (1959)
Clinical and field trials. Acta Medica Hungarica 14:313-326.

View

Witts LJ (1959)
Medical surveys and clinical trials: some methods and applications of group research in medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

View

Robertson JD, Armitage P (1959)
Report of a clinical trial to compare two hypotensive agents. Anaesthesia 14:53-64.

View

Bull JP (1959)
The historical development of clinical therapeutic trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases 10:218-248.

View

Waife SO, Shapiro AP (1959)
The clinical evaluation of new drugs. New York: Hoeber-Harper.

View

Laurence DR, ed. (1959)
Quantitative Methods in Human Pharmacology and Therapeutics. London: Pergamon Press.

View

Lasagna L, Meier P (1959)
Experimental Design and Statistical Problems. In: Waife SO, Shapiro AP, eds. The Clinical Evaluation of New Drugs. New York: Hoeber. pp 37-60.

View

Knowelden J (1959)
Prophylactic trials. In: Witts LJ ed. Medical Surveys and Clinical Trials. London: Oxford University Press. pp 118-133.

View

Zubrod CG, Schneiderman M, Frei E, Brindley C, Gold GL, Shnider B, Oviedo R, Gorman J, Jones R, Jonsson U, Colsky J, Chalmers T, Ferguson B, Dederick M, Holland J, Selawry O, Regelson W, Lasagna L, Owens AH (1960)
Appraisal of methods for the study of chemotherapy in man: Comparative therapeutic trial of nitrogen mustard and thiophosphoramide. Journal of Chronic Diseases 11:7-33.

View

Schwartz D, Flamant R, Lellouch J, Rouquette C (1960)
Les essais thérapeutiques cliniques [Controlled clinical trials]. Paris: Masson.

View

Armitage P (1960)
Sequential medical trials. Oxford: Blackwell.

View

Hill AB (1960)
Controlled clinical trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

View

Mainland D (1960)
The use and misuse of statistics in medical publications. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1:411-22.

View

Knowelden J (1960)
The analysis and presentation of results. In: Hill AB, ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. In: Hill AB, ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 155-159.

View

Bywaters E (1960)
Rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment and illustrative answers. In: Hill AB ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp 75-83.

View

McBride WG (1961)
Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 2:1358.

View

Cochran WG (1961)
Designing clinical trials. In: Forster FM, ed. Evaluation of drug therapy. University of Wisconsin Press, pp 71-77.

View

Cohen J (1962)
The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: a review. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 65:145-153.

View

Truelove SC, Watkinson G, Draper G (1962)
Comparison of corticosteroid and sulphasalazine therapy in ulcerative colitis. BMJ 2:1708-1711.

View

Hill AB (1962)
Alfred Watson Memorial Lecture: The Statistician in Medicine. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 88:178-191. doi:10.1017/S0020268100014980

View

Campbell DT, Stanley JC (1963)
Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company.

View

Mainland D (1963)
Elementary medical statistics: 2nd edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.

View

Percy JS, Stephenson P, Thompson M (1964)
Indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 28:157-162.

View

Schneiderman MA (1966)
Therapeutic trials in cancer. Working paper prepared for WHO Expert Committee on Cancer Treatment, Geneva, Switzerland, 9-15 March 1965. WHO/CANC/66.66.

View

Bross ID (1966)
Spurious effects from an extraneous variable. Journal of Chronic Diseases 19:637-47.

View

Pollock TM, Bell JA, Hill AB, Cockburn WC, Cvjetanović B, Evans DG, Kostrzewski J, Schofield FD (1966)
Trials of Prophylactic agents for the control of communicable diseases: a guide to their organization and evaluation‎. Geneva: World Health Organization.

View

Schwartz D, Lellouch J (1967)
Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutic trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases 20:637-48.

View

Chalmers TC (1968)
When should randomisation begin? Lancet 1:858.

View

Ley HL (1969)
Antibiotic drugs: procedural and interpretive regulations. Federal Register Vol. 34, No. 180, pp14596-597.

View

Schwartz D, Flamant R, Lellouch J (1970)
L’essai thérapeutique chez l‘homme. Paris: Flammarion.

View

Chalmers TC, Sebestyen CS, Lee S (1970)
Emergency surgical treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer: An analysis of the published data on 21,130 patients. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 82: 188-99.

View

Cornfield J (1971)
The University Group Diabetes Program: a further statistical analysis of the mortality findings. JAMA 217:1676-87.

View

Cochrane AL (1972)
Effectiveness and Efficiency: random reflections on health services. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.

View

Medico-Pharmaceutical Forum (1974)
A report by the Forum’s Working Party on Clinical Trials. London: Medico-Pharmaceutical Forum.

View

Chalmers TC (1975)
Randomization of the first patient. Medical Clinics of North America 59:1035-1038.

View

Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P, Breslow NE, Cox DR, Howard SV, Mantel N, McPherson K, Peto J, Smith PG (1976)
Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. I. Introduction and design. British Journal of Cancer 34:585-6.

View

Cornfield J (1976)
Recent methodological contributions to clinical trials. American Journal of Epidemiology 104:408-421.

View

Bunker JP, Barnes BA, Mosteller F (1977)
Costs, risks and benefits of surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

View

Pocock SJ (1977)
Randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1:1661.

View

Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P, Breslow NE, Cox DR, Howard SV, Mantel N, McPherson K, Peto J, Smith PG (1977)
Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. II. Analysis and examples. British Journal of Cancer 35:1-39. PMID 831755.

View

The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (1977)
Guidelines for preclinical and clinical testing of new medicinal products: Part 1-Laboratory investigations. London: ABPI.

View

The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (1977)
Guidelines for preclinical and clinical testing of new medicinal products: Part 2 – investigations in man. London: ABPI.

View

Farquhar JW (1978)
The community-based model of life style intervention trials. American Journal of Epidemiology 108:103-111.

View

Freiman JA, Chalmers TC, Smith H, Kuebler RR (1978)
The importance of beta, the type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial. Survey of 71 "negative" trials. New England Journal of Medicine 299:690-94.

View

Peto R (1978)
Clinical trial methodology. Biomedicine 28 (special issue):24-36.

View

Sackett DL (1979)
Bias in analytic research. Journal of Chronic Diseases 32:51-63.

View

Chalmers TC, Smith JH, Blackburn B, Silverman B, Schroeder B, Reitman D, Ambroz A (1981)
A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial. Controlled Clinical Trials 2: 31-49.

View

Pocock SJ (1983)
Clinical trials: a practical approach. Chichester: John Wiley.

View

Bulpitt CJ (1984)
Randomised controlled clinical trials. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

View

Baskerville JC, Toogood JH, Mazza J, Jennings B. (1984)
Clinical trials designed to evaluate therapeutic preferences. Statistics in Medicine; 3:45–55.

View

Gracely RH, Dubner R, Deeter WR, Wolskee PJ (1985)
Clinicians’ expectations influence placebo analgesia. Lancet 325:43. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90984-5

View

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) (1986)
Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 397-402.

View

Peto J, Eden OB, Lilleyman J, Richards S (1986)
Improvement in treatments for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: The Medical Research Council UKALL Trials, 1972-84. Lancet 1:408-411.

View

Herxheimer A, Zentler-Munro P, Winn D (1986)
Therapeutic trials and society: making the best use of resources. London: Consumers Association.

View

Jenicek M (1987)
Méta-analyse en médecine. Évaluation et synthèse de l’information clinique et épidémiologique. [Meta-analysis in medicine: evaluation and synthesis of clinical and epidemiological information] St.Hyacinthe and Paris: EDISEM and Maloine Éditeurs.

View

Machin D, Campbell MJ (1987)
Statistical Tables for the Design of Clinical Trials. Oxford: Blackwell scientific publications.

View

ISIS-2 (second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1988)
Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 332:349–360.

View

Chalmers TC (1988)
Data analysis for clinical medicine: the quantitative approach to patient care in gastroenterology. Rome: International University Press.

View

Jenicek M (1989)
Meta-analysis in medicine: where we are and where we want to go. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42:35-44.

View

Pocock SJ, Hughes MD (1989)
Practical problems in interim analyses, with particular regard to estimation. Control Clinical Trials10 (4 Suppl):209S-221S.

View

O’Rourke K, Detsky AS (1989)
Meta-analysis in medical research: strong encouragement for higher quality in individual research efforts. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42:1021-24.

View

Donner A, Brown KS, Brasher P (1990)
A methodological review of non-therapeutic intervention trials employing cluster randomization, 1979-1989. International Journal of Epidemiology 19:795-800.

View

Pennington E, Pennington S (1991)
Modifying chickenpox. BMJ 303:1614.

View

Oxman AD, Guyatt GH (1991)
Validation of an index of the quality of review articles. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 44:121-1278.

View

Hill AB, Hill ID (1991)
Differential exclusions. In: Bradford Hill’s Principles of Medical Statistics. 12th edition. London: Edward Arnold. pp 226-228.

View

Chalmers I (1991)
The perinatal research agenda: whose priorities? Birth 18(3), 137-41.

View

Oxman AD, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Jaeschke R, Heddle N, Keller J (1993)
An index of scientific quality for health reports in the lay press. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46:987-1001.

View

Simpson JM, Klar N, Donner A (1995)
Accounting for cluster randomization: a review of primary prevention trials, 1990 through 1993. American Journal of Public Health 85:1378-1383.

View

Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Altman DG, Grimes DA, Doré CJ (1995)
The methodologic quality of randomization as assessed from reports of trials in specialist and general medical journals. Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials 4:197.

View

Ellis J, Mulligan I, Rowe J, Sackett DL (1995)
Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. Lancet 346:407-410.

View

Chalmers I (1995)
What do I want from health research and researchers when I am a patient? BMJ 310(6990), 1315-8.

View

Lindsey JK, Jones B (1996)
A model for cross-over trials evaluating therapeutic preferences. Statistics in Medicine 15:443–7.

View

Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Gray JAM, Haynes RB, Richardson WS (1996)
Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ 312:71-73.

View

Waller LA (1997)
A note on Harold S Diehl, randomization, and clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials 18: 180-183.

View

Murray DM (1998)
Design and Analysis of Group Randomized Trials. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.

View

Fitzpatrick R, Davey C, Buxton MJ, Jones (1998)
Evaluating patient-based outcome measures for use in clinical trials. Health Technology Assessment 2(14), i-iv, 1-74.

View

Hollis S, Campbell F (1999)
What is meant by intention-to-treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. BMJ 319:670-674.

View

Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, Kuderer NM, Lyman GH (2000)
The uncertainty principle and industry-sponsored research. Lancet 356:635-638.

View

Stangl D, Berry DA (2000)
Meta-Analysis in Medicine and Health Policy. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.

View

Sutton AJ, Abrams KR, Jones DR, Sheldon T, Song F (2000)
Methods for Meta-Analysis in Medical Research. Chichester: Wiley.

View

Ruiz-Canela M, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, de Irala-Estevez J (2000)
Intention-to-treat analysis is related to methodological quality. BMJ 320:107-108.

View

Horn J (2001)
Calcium antagonists in Stroke. ISBN 90-9014236-3.

View

Wagner AK, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, Ross-Degnan D (2002)
Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 27:299–309.

View

Sandercock P, Roberts I (2002)
Systematic reviews of animal experiments. Lancet 360:586. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09812-4.

View

Jones B, Kenward MG (2003)
Design and Analysis of Cross-Over-Trials (2nd Ed). London and USA: Chapman and Hall.

View

Alsbirk PH (2004)
Strategy for decentralized prevention of angle closure glaucoma in Greenland. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2004;63 Suppl 2;315-319.

View

Atkins D, Eccles M, Flottorp S, Guyatt GH, Henry D, Hill S, Liberati A, O'Connell D, Oxman AD, Phillips B, Schünemann H, Edejer TT, Vist GE, Williams JW and The GRADE Working Group (2004)
Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations I: Critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group. BMC Health Services Research 2004 4:38 doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-4-38.

View

Carlsson HE, Schapiro SJ, Farah I, Hau J (2004)
Use of primates in research: a global overview. American Journal of Primatology 63:225-37.

View

Montori VM, Devereaux PJ, Adhikari NK, Burns KE, Eggert CH, Briel M, Lacchetti C, Leung TW, Darling E, Bryant DM, Bucher HC, Schunemann HJ, Meade MO, Cook DJ, Erwin PJ, Sood A, Sood R, Lo B, Thompson CA, Zhou Q, Mills E, Guyatt GH (2005)
Randomized trials stopped early for benefit: a systematic review. JAMA 294:2203-2209.

View

Bailey J (2005)
Non-human primates in medical research and drug development: a critical review. Biogenic Amines 19:235–255.

View

O'Collins VE, Macleod MR, Donnan GA, Horky LL, van der Worp BH, Howells DW (2006)
1,026 experimental treatments in acute stroke. Annals of Neurology 59:467-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20741

View

Weatherall D (2006)
The use of non-human primates in research. A working group report. https://mrc.ukri.org/documents/pdf/the-use-of-non-human-primates-in-research/

View

Perel P, Roberts I, Sena E, Wheble P, Briscoe C, Sandercock S, Macleod M,  Mignini LE, Jayaram P, Khan KS (2007)
Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review. BMJ 334:197-200.

View

Glasziou P, Chalmers I, Rawlins M, McCulloch P (2007)
When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise. BMJ 334: 349-351.

View

Clarke L, Clarke M, Clarke T (2007)
How useful are Cochrane reviews in identifying research needs? Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 12, 101-103. journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1258/135581907780279648

View

Djulbegovic B, Kumar A, Soares HP, Hozo I, Bepler G, Clarke M, Bennett CL (2008)
Treatment success in cancer: new cancer treatment successes identified in phase 3 randomized controlled trials conducted by the national cancer institute-sponsored cooperative oncology groups, 1955 to 2006. Archives of Internal Medicine. 168:632-42.

View

Trotta F, Apolone G, Garattini S, Tafuri G (2008)
Stopping a trial early in oncology: for patients or for industry? Annals of Oncology Feb 29; doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn042.

View

Scott S, Kranz JE, Cole J, Lincecum JM, Thompson K, Kelly N, Bostrom A, Theodoss J, Al-Nakhala BM, Vieira FG, Ramasubbu J, Heywood JA (2008)
Design, power, and interpretation of studies in the standard murine model of ALS. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 9:4-15. DOI: 10.1080/17482960701856300.

View

Chalmers I, Milne I, Tröhler U, Vandenbroucke J, Morabia A, Tait G, Dukan E (2008)
The James Lind Library: explaining and illustrating the evolution of fair tests of medical treatments. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 38:259-64.

View

Kramer MS, Martin RM, Sterne JA, Shapiro S, Mourad D, Platt RW (2009)
The double jeopardy of clustered measurement and cluster randomisation. BMJ 339:503-505.

View

Bassler D, Briel M, Montori VM, Lane M, Glasziou P, Zhou Q, Heels-Ansdell D, Walter SD, Guyatt GH; STOPIT-2 Study Group (2010)
Stopping randomized trials early for benefit and estimation of treatment effects: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. JAMA. 303:1180-7.

View

Sena ES, Briscoe CL, Howells DW, Donnan GA, Sandercock PA, Macleod MR (2010)
Factors affecting the apparent efficacy and safety of tissue plasminogen activator in thrombotic occlusion models of stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 30:1905-13.

View

Bastian H, Glasziou P, Chalmers I (2010)
Seventy-five trials and eleven systematic reviews a day: how will we ever keep up? PLoS Medicine 7:e1000326.

View

Robinson KA, Goodman SN (2011)
A systematic examination of the citation of prior research in reports of randomized, controlled trials. Annals of Internal Medicine 154(1): 50-55.

View

Leenaars M, Ritske-Hoitinga M, Griffin G, Ormandy E. (2011)
Background to the Montréal Declaration on the Synthesis of Evidence to Advance the 3Rs Principles in Science, as Adopted by the 8th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Montréal, Canada, on August 25, 2011. Altex Proceedings, 1/12, Proceedings of WC8.

View

Clarke M, Loudon K (2011)
Effects on patients of their healthcare practitioner's or institution's participation in clinical trials: a systematic review. Trials 12:16.

View

Montedori A, Cherubini A, Bonacini MI, Casazza G, Luchetta ML, Duca P, Cozzolino F, Abraha I (2011)
Modified versus standard intention-to-treat reporting: Are there differences in methodological quality, sponsorship, and findings in randomised trials? A cross-sectional study. Trials 12:58.

View

Martic-Kehl MI,Schibli R, Schubiger PA (2012)
Can animal data predict human outcome? Problems and pitfalls of translational animal research. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 39:1492–1496. 10.1007/s00259-012-2175-z

View

Begley CG, Ellis LM (2012)
Raise standards for preclinical cancer research. Nature 483:531.

View

White IR, Carpenter J, Horton NJ (2012)
Including all individuals is not enough: lessons for intention-to-treat analysis. Clinical Trials 9:396-407.

View

Chalmers I, Atkinson P, Fenton M, Firkins L, Crowe S, Cowan K (2013)
Tackling treatment uncertainties together: the evolution of the James Lind Initiative, 2003-2013. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 106(12), 482-91.

View

Smith V, Clarke M, Devane D, Begley C, Shorter G, Maguire L (2013)
SWAT 1: what effects do site visits by the principal investigator have on recruitment in a multicentre randomized trial? Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 6(3), 136-137 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jebm.12049

View

Fretheim A, Zhang F, Ross-Degnan D, Oxman AD, Cheyne H, Foy R, Goodacre S, Herrin J, Kerse N, McKinlay RJ, Wright A, Soumerai SB (2014)
A reanalysis of cluster randomized trials showed interrupted time-series studies were valuable in health system evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 68:324-33.

View

Wartolowska K, Judge A, Hopewell S, Collins GS, Dean BJF, Rombach I, Brindley D, Savulescu J, Beard DJ, Carr AJ (2014)
Use of placebo controls in the evaluation of surgery: systematic review. BMJ 348:g3253. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g3253.

View

Peers IS, South MC, Ceuppens PR, Bright JD, Pilling E (2014)
Can you trust your animal study data? Nature reviews. Drug discovery. 13. 10.1038/nrd4090-c1.

View

Pound P, Bracken M (2014)
Is animal research sufficiently evidence based to be a cornerstone of biomedical research? BMJ 348:g3387 doi: 10.1136/bmj.g3387.

View

Sena ES, Currie GL, McCann SK, Macleod MR, Howells DW (2014)
Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of preclinical studies: why perform them and how to appraise them critically. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 34:737-742. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.28

View

Green SB (2015)
Can animal data translate to innovations necessary for a new era of patient-centred and individualised healthcare? Bias in preclinical animal research. BMC Medical Ethics 16:53. DOI 10.1186/s12910-015-0043-7.

View

Sackett DL (2015)
Sackett DL. Interview in 2014 and 2015. Brian Haynes, ed. McMaster University.

View

de Vries RBM, Hooijmans CR, Langendam MW, van Luijk J, Leenaars M, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Wever KE (2015)
A protocol format for the preparation, registration and publication of systematic reviews of animal intervention studies. Evidence-based Preclinical Medicine 1, 1, 1–9, e00007, DOI: 10.1002/ebm2.7.

View

Abraha I, Cherubini A, Cozzolino F, De Florio R, Luchetta ML, Rimland JM, Folletti I, Marchesi M, Germani A, Orso M, Eusebi P, Montedori A (2015)
Deviation from intention to treat analysis in randomised trials and treatment effect estimates: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 2015;350:h2445.

View

Wartolowska KA, Collins GS, Hopewell S, Judge A, Dean BJF, Rombach I, Beard DJ, Carr AJ (2016)
Feasibility of surgical randomised controlled trials with a placebo arm: a systematic review. BMJ Open 6: p.e010194.

View

Page MJ, Higgins JPT, Clayton G, Sterne JAC, Hróbjartsson A, Savović J (2016)
Empirical Evidence of Study Design Biases in Randomized Trials: Systematic Review of Meta-Epidemiological Studies. PLOS ONE 11(7):e0159267.

View

Chalmers I (2017)
The evolution of fair tests of treatments over two millennia: a 23 minute audio commentary. Edited by Hamish Chalmers, using unbroadcast recordings made by Freakonomics Radio, with permission.

View

Pound P, Ritskes‑Hoitinga M (2018)
Is it possible to overcome issues of external validity in preclinical animal research? Why most animal models are bound to fail. J Transl Med 16:304 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1678-1.

View

Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Wever K (2018)
Improving the conduct, reporting, and appraisal of animal research. BMJ 360:j4935 doi: 10.1136/bmj.j4935.

View

Janiaud P, Serghiou S, Ioannidis JPA (2019)
New clinical trial designs in the era of precision medicine: An overview of definitions, strengths, weaknesses, and current use in oncology. Cancer Treatment Reviews 73:20-30.

View

Chalmers I, Atkinson P, Badenoch D, Glasziou P, Austvoll-Dahlgren A, Oxman A, Clarke M (2019)
The James Lind Initiative: books, websites and databases to promote critical thinking about treatment claims, 2003 to 2018. Research Involvement and Engagement 5:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-019-0138-2

View

Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson J, Mafham M, Bell J, Linsell L, Staplin N, Brightling C, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Green C, Felton T, Chadwick D, Rege K, Fegan C, Chappell LC, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffrey K, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Juszcak E, Baillie JK, Haynes R, Landray MJ, on behalf of the RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2020)
Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary Report. medRχiv. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.22.20137273

View

Chalmers I, Abbasi K (2020)
Developing the collaboration between the James Lind Library and the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 113(7):266-9. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0141076820937539

View

Horby P, Mafham M, Linsell L, Bell JL, Staplin N, Emberson JR, Wiselka M, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Whitehouse A, Felton T, Williams J, Faccenda J, Underwood J, Baillie JK, Chappell L, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffery K, Lim WS, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Tarning J, Watson JA, White NJ, Juszczak E, Haynes R, Landray MJ (2020)
Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary results from a multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.15.20151852

View

RECOVERY Trial Team (2020)
Randomized Evaluation of COVID019 Therapy (RECOVERY). RECOVERY Central Coordinating Office, Oxford. www.recoverytrial.net

View

Pan H, Peto R, Karim QA, Alejandria M, Henao-Restrepo AM, García CH, Kieny MP, Malekzadeh R, Murthy S, Preziosi MP, Reddy S, Periago MR, Sathiyamoorthy V, Røttingen JA, Swaminathan S, WHO Solidarity trial consortium (2020)
Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 –interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results. MedRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.15.20209817

View

Bradley SH, DeVito NJ, Lloyd KE, Richards GC, Rombey T, Wayant C, Gill PJ (2020)
Reducing bias and improving transparency in medical research: a critical overview of the problems, progress and suggested next steps. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 113:433-443.

View

Naidoo N, Nguyen VT, Ravaud P, Young B, Amiel P, Schanté D, Clarke M, Boutron I (2020)
P, Young B, Amiel P, Schanté D, Clarke M, Boutron I (2020). The research burden of randomized controlled trial participation: a systematic thematic synthesis of qualitative evidence. BMC Medicine 18, 6. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-019-1476-5

View

Moustgaard H, Clayton GL, Jones HE, Boutron I, Jørgensen L, Laursen DRT, Olsen MF, Paludan-Müller A, Ravaud P, Savović J, Sterne JAC, Higgins JPT, Hróbjartsson A (2020)
Impact of blinding on estimated treatment effects in randomised clinical trials: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 368, l6802.

View

D'Aquila RT, Hughes MD, Johnson VA, Fischl MA, Sommadossi JP, Liou SH, Timpone J, Myers M, Basgoz N, Niu M, Hirsch MS (2021)
Nevirapine, zidovudine, and didanosine compared with zidovudine and didanosine in patients with HIV-1 infection. A randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled trial. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 241 Investigators. Annals of Internal Medicine 124:1019-1030.

View

McLennan S, Nussbaumer-Streit B, Hemkens LG, Briel M (2021)
Barriers and Facilitating Factors for Conducting Systematic Evidence Assessments in Academic Clinical Trials. JAMA Network Open. 4(11):e2136577. url: doi/org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36577

View

Hahn RA, Teutsch SM (2021)
Saving lives by modifying the process of science: Estimated historical mortality associated with the failure to conduct routine prospective cumulative systematic reviews. American Journal of Biomed Science and Research 14(6):531-534.

View

Coleman E, Arundel C, Clark L, Doherty L, Gillies K, Hewitt C, Innes K, Parker A, Torgerson D, Treweek S (2021)
Bah humbug! Association between sending Christmas cards to trial participants and trial retention: randomised study within a trial conducted simultaneously across eight host trials. BMJ 375, e067742. https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj-2021-067742.long

View

Nørgaard B, Draborg E, Andreasen J, Juhl CB, Yost J, Brunnhuber K, Robinson KA, Lund H (2022)
Systematic reviews are rarely used to inform study design - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 145: 1-13.

View

Faltinsen E, Todorovac A, Staxen Bruun L, Hróbjartsson A, Gluud C, Kongerslev MT, Simonsen E, Storebø OJ (2022)
Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4(4):MR000050.

View

Laursen DRT, Nejstgaard CH, Bjørkedal E, Frost AD, Hansen MR, Paludan-Müller AS, Prosenz J, Werner CP, Hróbjartsson A. (2023)
Impact of active placebo controls on estimated drug effects in randomised trials: a systematic review of trials with both active placebo and standard placebo. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3(3):MR000055.

View

Chesire F, Mugisha M, Ssenyonga R, Rose CJ, Nsangi A, Kaseje M, Sewankambo NK, Oxman M, Rosenbaum SE, Moberg J, Dahlgren A, Lewin S, Oxman AD (2023)
Effects of the Informed Health Choices secondary school intervention: A prospective meta-analysis. Journal of Evidence Based Medicine 16, 321-331. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jebm.12552

View

Turner KM, Huntley A, Yardley T, Dawson S, Dawson S (2024)
Defining usual care comparators when designing pragmatic trials of complex health interventions: a methodology review. Trials 25, 117. https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-024-07956-7

View

Toews I, Anglemyer A, Nyirenda JL, Alsaid D, Balduzzi S, Grummich K, Schwingshackl L, Bero L (2024)
Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials: a meta-epidemiological study. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1), MR000034. www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.MR000034.pub3/full

View

Show


Bull JP (1951).
A study of the history and principles of clinical therapeutic trials. MD Thesis, University of Cambridge. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Pazzini A (1958).
Angelo Celli (1857-1914). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (1978).
Quantification in British Medicine and Surgery 1750-1830, with special Reference to its Introduction into Therapeutics. Philosophy Thesis, University of London. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Marks HM† (1987).
Ideas as reforms: Therapeutic Experiments and Medical Practice, 1900-1980. Philosophy Thesis, Massachusetts institute of technology. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Cox-Maksimov D (1997).
The Making of the Clinical Trial in Britain, 1910-1945: Expertise, the State and the Public. Philosophy Thesis, University of Cambridge. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Passmore R† (2001).
William Cullen (1710-1790). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Loudon I (2002).
The use of historical controls and concurrent controls to assess the effects of sulphonamides, 1936-1945. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Silverman WA†, Chalmers I (2002).
Casting and drawing lots: a time-honoured way of dealing with uncertainty and for ensuring fairness. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2003).
James Lind and the evaluation of clinical practice. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Gong Y, Gluud C (2003).
Commentary on the Ben Cao Tu Jing (11th century). Atlas of Materia Medica. Song Dynasty (960-1279). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2003).
Edward Alanson 1782: responsibility in surgical innovation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2003).
John Clark 1780 & 1792: learning from properly kept records. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2003).
Withering’s 1785 appeal for caution when reporting on a new medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2003).
James Lind and scurvy: 1747 to 1795. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Vandenbroucke JP (2003).
Thalidomide: an unanticipated adverse effect. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2003).
MacLean 1818: comparing like with like and recognising ethical double standards in therapeutic experimentation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2003).
James Lind at Haslar Hospital 1758-1774: a methodological theorist. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Dean ME (2003).
‘An innocent deception’: placebo controls in the St Petersburg homeopathy trial, 1829-30. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Silverman WA† (2003).
Personal reflections on lessons learned from randomized trials involving newborn infants, 1951 to 1967. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2003).
John Clark (1744-1805). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2003).
Edward Alanson (1747-1823). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Armitage P† (2003).
Some recollections of the early years of the Medical Research Council (MRC) Statistical Research Unit. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Stoll S (2004).
Paul Martini’s Methodology of therapeutic investigation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Morabia A (2004).
Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis and the evaluation of bloodletting. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Lee MR (2004).
The miracle of St. Alfege’s: discovering a treatment for myaesthenia gravis. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Gøtzsche PC (2004).
Niels Finsen’s treatment for lupus vulgaris. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Sutton G (2004).
James Lind aboard Salisbury. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tibi S (2005).
Al-Razi and Islamic medicine in the 9th Century. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Volmink J (2005).
The willow as a Hottentot (Khoikhoi) remedy for rheumatic fever. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Williams KJ (2005).
British Pharmaceutical Industry, Synthetic Drug Manufacture and the Clinical Testing of Novel Drugs, 1895-1939. Philosophy Thesis, University of Manchester. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Nasser M, Tibi A (2006).
Ibn Hindu and the science of medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

McPherson K, Bunker JP (2006).
Costs, risks and benefits of surgery: a milestone in the development of health services research. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Petrosino A (2006).
Charles Frederick [Fred] Mosteller (1916-2006). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tansey EM (2006).
Philip Montagu D’Arcy Hart (1900-2006). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2006).
Jesse GM Bullowa (1879-1943). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Crofton J† (2006).
John Crofton (1912-2009). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Louis-Courvoisier M (2007).
An 18th century controlled trial prompted by a potential shortage of hospital beds. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Sinclair L (2007).
Recognising, treating and understanding pernicious anaemia. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Morabia A (2007).
Claude Bernard, statistics, and comparative trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2007).
An early 18th century proposal for improving medicine by tabulating and analysing practice. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Kerr CE, Milne I, Kaptchuk TJ (2007).
William Cullen and a missing mind-body link in the early history of placebos. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Nasser M, Tibi A, Savage-Smith E (2007).
Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine: 11th century rules for assessing the effects of drugs. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Grimes DA (2007).
Discovering the need for randomized controlled trials in obstetrics: a personal odyssey. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2007).
Russell LaFayette Cecil (1881-1965). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Nunn JF (2008).
A treatment that has stood the test of time for over three and a half millennia. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Jick H (2008).
Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs: a brief personal history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Bracken MB (2008).
Why animal studies are often poor predictors of human reactions to exposure. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Stylianou C, Kelnar C (2008).
The introduction of successful treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Agnew RAL (2008).
John Forbes FRS (1787-1861). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Erill S (2008).
Louis Lasagna (1923-2003). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Adams CE (2009).
James Crichton Browne and controlled evaluation of drug treatment for mental illness. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Moore W (2009).
John Hunter: learning from natural experiments, ‘placebos’, and the state of mind of a patient in the 18th century. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Dean ME (2009).
Comparative evaluation of homeopathy and allopathy within the Parisian hospital system, 1849-51. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Williams KJ (2009).
The introduction of ‘chemotherapy’ using arsphenamine – the first magic bullet. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Burch D (2009).
Astley Paston Cooper (1768–1841), anatomist, radical, and surgeon. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Morabia A (2010).
Edward Jenner’s 1798 report of challenge experiments demonstrating the protective effects of cowpox against smallpox. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2010).
Towards endocrinology: Theodor Kocher’s 1883 account of the unexpected effects of total ablation of the thyroid. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Stoll S (2010).
Paul Franz Xavier Martini (1889-1964). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Gluud C (2010).
Danish contributions to the evaluation of serum therapy for diphtheria in the 1890s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Bryder L (2010).
The Medical Research Council and clinical trial methodologies before the 1940s: the failure to develop a ‘scientific’ approach. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Slater SD (2010).
The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Opinel A, Gachelin G (2010).
French 19th century contributions to the development of treatments for diphtheria. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2010).
Johann Friedrich de Quervain (1868-1940). Swiss surgical innovator. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Spain P, Kadan-Lottick N (2010).
Observations of unprecedented remissions following novel treatment for acute leukemia in children in 1948. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Cook H (2010).
Testing the effects of Jesuit’s bark in the Chinese Emperor’s court. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Doyle D (2011).
Thomas MacLagan’s 1876 demonstration of the dramatic effects of salicin in rheumatic fever. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Maehle A-H (2011).
Four early clinical studies to assess the effects of Peruvian bark. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Solis C (2011).
Bartolomé Hidalgo de Agüero’s 16th century, evidence-based challenge to the orthodox management of wounds. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Vandenbroucke JP (2012).
Adolphe Vorderman’s 1897 study on beriberi: an example of scrupulous efforts to avoid bias. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Milne I (2012).
Who was James Lind, and what exactly did he achieve? JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Sidebottom E (2012).
Roger Bacon and the beginnings of experimental science in Britain. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Sugiyama Y, Seita A (2013).
Kanehiro Takaki and the control of beriberi in the Japanese Navy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Gachelin G (2013).
The interaction of scientific evidence and politics in debates about preventing malaria in 1925. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2013).
William Cheselden’s 1740 presentation of data on age-specific mortality after lithotomy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Bryder L (2014).
The Medical Research Council and treatments for tuberculosis before streptomycin. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Bird SM (2014).
The 1959 meeting in Vienna on controlled clinical trials – a methodological landmark. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2014).
Statistics and the British controversy about the effects of Joseph Lister’s system of antisepsis for surgery, 1867-1890. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Toth B (2015).
Why the MRC Therapeutic Trials Committee didn’t introduce controlled clinical trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Burton MJ (2015).
Astley Cooper’s dramatically effective treatment of deafness. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Donaldson IML (2016).
Petrarch’s letter to Boccaccio ‘on the proud and presumptuous behaviour of physicians’. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Howick J (2016).
Aulus Cornelius Celsus and ‘empirical’ and ‘dogmatic’ medicine JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Donaldson IML (2016).
Reflections on translating passages on ‘empirical’ and ‘dogmatic’ medicine in Celsus’s De medicina. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Donaldson IML (2016).
van Helmont’s proposal for a randomised comparison of treating fevers with or without bloodletting and purging. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Gachelin G, Garner P, Ferroni E, Tröhler U, Chalmers I (2016).
Evaluating Cinchona bark and quinine for treating and preventing malaria. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Peto R (2016).
Reflections on the design and analysis of clinical trials and meta-analyses in the 1970s and 1980s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Donaldson IML (2016).
Antoine de Lavoisier’s role in designing a single-blind trial to assess whether ‘Animal Magnetism’ exists. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Lechuga RI, Castro AC (2016).
Dramatic effects of control measures on deaths from yellow fever in Havana, Cuba, in the early 1900’s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Treasure T (2016).
Documenting the dramatic effects of operative treatment of mitral stenosis. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Mirza RD, Punja S, Vohra S, Guyatt G (2017).
The history and development of N of 1 trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Farewell V, Johnson A† (2017).
Major Greenwood and clinical trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Altman DG† (2017).
Donald Mainland: anatomist, educator, thinker, medical statistician, trialist, rheumatologist. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Treasure T (2017).
Turning blue babies pink: Alfred Blalock’s shunt for Fallot’s Tetralogy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Bailey R, Howick J (2018).
Did John Stuart Mill influence the design of controlled clinical trials? JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Toth B (2018).
Pioneering controlled trials of treatments for erysipelas and pneumonia in Glasgow, 1936-47. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Altman DG†, Grimes DA, Moher D, Hayes RJ (2018).
‘Allocation concealment’: the evolution and adoption of a methodological term. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Weingarten S (2018).
Food in Daniel 1:1-16: the first report of a controlled experiment? JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Garattini S (2018).
Italian controlled trials to assess prevention and treatment of malaria, 1900-1930s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tognoni G, Franzosi MG, Garattini S (2018).
Embedding patient- and public health-oriented research in a national health service: the GISSI experience. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Pormann PE (2018).
Concepts of patient groups in 10th-century Iraq and Persia JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Bird A (2018).
James Jurin and the avoidance of bias in collecting and assessing evidence on the effects of variolation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Marson Smith P, Colquhoun D, Chalmers I (2019).
John Henry Gaddum’s 1940 guidance on controlled clinical trials JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Johnson A† (2019).
Textbooks and other publications on controlled clinical trials, 1948 to 1983. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Bishop D, Gill E (2019).
Robert Boyle on the importance of reporting and replicating experiments. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Jefferson T (2019).
Sponsorship bias in clinical trials – growing menace or dawning realisation? JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2020)
Probabilistic thinking and the evaluation of therapies, 1700-1900. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Welsh BC, Podolsky SH, Zane SN (2020).
Between medicine and criminology: Richard Cabot’s contribution to the design of experimental evaluations of social interventions in the late 1930s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Williams AN, O’Dell FJ, Aronson JK (2020).
Was William Harvey’s commitment to experimentation reflected in his clinical practice? JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Clarke M (2021).
The true meaning of DICE: Don’t Ignore Chance Effects JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Senn SJ, Chalmers I (2021).
Giving and taking: ethical treatment assignment in controlled trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Held L, Matthews RAJ (2022).
Paradigm lost: Carl Liebermeister and the development of modern medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Pound P (2022).
The role of systematic reviews in identifying the limitations of preclinical animal research, 2000 – 2022. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Podolsky SH (2022).
The (Harry) Gold Standard: angina, suggestion, and the path to the “double-blind” test and Clinical Pharmacology. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Chalmers I, Matthews R, Glasziou P, Boutron I, Armitage P† (2023).
Analysis of clinical trial by Treatment Allocated or by Treatment Received? Applying ‘the intention-to-treat principle’. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Nylenna, M (2023).
Paul Owren, Christopher Bjerkelund and the dawn of controlled trials in Norway. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Glasziou P, Matthews R, Boutron I, Chalmers I, Armitage P† (2023)
The differences and overlaps between ‘explanatory’ and ‘pragmatic’ controlled trials: a historical perspective. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Clarke M, Chalmers I, Alderson P, Hopewell S (2024).
Reports of randomised control trials (RCTs) should begin and conclude with up-to-date systematic reviews of other relevant trials: a 25-year audit of the quality of trial reports. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Big Data, Big Bias? Evidence on the effects of selection bias in large observational studies

View

Quiz: Why treatment comparisons must address genuine uncertainties

View

Quiz: Why treatment comparisons must be fair

View

Quiz: Why Treatment Comparisons Are Essential

View

Test your knowledge: Why treatment uncertainties should be addressed

View

BROWSE

Topics
Essays
Records
Articles

ABOUT

What is a fair test?
About the Library
Building the Library
Using the Library

COPYRIGHT

Where not otherwise indicated, material in the James Lind Library is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

FEEDBACK

Contact us

We welcome your suggestions for the design or content of the Library

Website by Minervation Ltd, supported by the James Lind Initiative and the Presidential Fund of the Swiss National Science Foundation.