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Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Alcock R (1840-41a)

Lectures on amputations and on the nature, progress and termination of the injuries for which it is required (Lecture 1 of 20). Lancet 1:105-111 and passim up to 2:849—858.

Key passage(s)

Alcock_1840-41a_ lecture_1_WA_intro

Whole article

Download the full article as a PDF

Alcock R (1840-41a). Lectures on amputations and on the nature, progress and termination of the injuries for which it is required (Lecture 1 of 20). Lancet 1:105-111 and passim up to 2:849—858.

Other material(s)

Alcock R (1840-41). Lectures 1 – 20

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 1

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 2

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 3

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 4

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 5

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 6

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 7

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 8

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 9

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 10

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 11

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 12

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 13

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 14

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 15

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 16

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 17

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 18

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 19

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 20, part 1

Alcock R (1840-41). Lecture 22, part 2

Acknowledgements

The editors are grateful to:

Elsevier Ltd. for making the pdf’s of this article available  (letter to Iain Chalmers from Laura Pritchard, 14 May 2014). For conditions of further reproduction, see here.

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • The need to address treatment uncertainties
  • Principles of Testing
  • Treatment comparisons are essential
  • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Recording and interpreting numbers

Key articles

  • Tröhler U (2010). The introduction of numerical methods to assess the effects of medical interventions during the 18th century: a brief history.

All topics

  • Individual patient data
  • Pre-clinical
  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Dramatic effects
      • Placebo effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Crossover tests
      • Factorial design
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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