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James Lind LibraryThe James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Atkins D, Eccles M, Flottorp S, Guyatt GH, Henry D, Hill S, Liberati A, O’Connell D, Oxman AD, Phillips B, Schünemann H, Edejer TT, Vist GE, Williams JW and The GRADE Working Group (2004)

Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations I: Critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group. BMC Health Services Research 2004 4:38 doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-4-38.

Key passage(s)

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • Fair tests of treatments
  • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
  • The play of chance
  • Recording and interpreting numbers
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
  • Improving reports of research
  • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews

All topics

  • Pre-clinical
  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Placebo effects
      • Dramatic effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Crossover tests
      • Factorial design
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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