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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care
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Adams CE (2004).
William Halse Rivers (1864-1922).
View
Adams CE (2009).
James Crichton Browne and controlled evaluation of drug treatment for mental illness.
View
Agnew RAL (2008).
John Forbes FRS (1787-1861).
View
Altman DG† (2017).
Donald Mainland: anatomist, educator, thinker, medical statistician, trialist, rheumatologist.
View
Altman DG† (2017).
Avoiding bias in trials in which allocation ratio is varied.
View
Altman DG†, Simera I (2015).
A history of the evolution of guidelines for reporting medical research: the long road to the EQUATOR Network.
View
Armitage P† (2002).
Randomisation and alternation: a note on Diehl et al.
View
Armitage P† (2003).
Some recollections of the early years of the Medical Research Council (MRC) Statistical Research Unit.
View
Armitage P† (2009).
A statistical note on the analysis of the 1948 MRC streptomycin trial.
View
Armitage P† (2013).
The evolution of ways of deciding when clinical trials should stop recruiting.
View
Bailey R, Howick J (2018).
Did John Stuart Mill influence the design of controlled clinical trials?
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Bastian H (2004).
Down and almost out in Scotland: George Orwell, tuberculosis and getting streptomycin in 1948.
View
Bastian H (2007).
Lucy Wills (1888-1964), the life and research of an adventurous independent woman.
View
Birbeck E (2011).
The Royal Hospital Haslar: from Lind to the 21st century.
View
Bird A (2018).
James Jurin and the avoidance of bias in collecting and assessing evidence on the effects of variolation.
View
Bird SM (2014).
The 1959 meeting in Vienna on controlled clinical trials – a methodological landmark.
View
Bishop D, Gill E (2019).
Robert Boyle on the importance of reporting and replicating experiments.
View
Booth CC† (2002).
John Haygarth FRS (1740-1827).
View
Boren SA (2006).
Max Pinner (1891-1948).
View
Boren SA, Diaz M, Neuhauser D (2006).
James Burns Amberson (1890-1979).
View
Boylston AW (2008).
Zabdiel Boylston (1679/80-1766).
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Boylston AW (2008).
William Watson’s use of controlled clinical experiments in 1768.
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Boylston AW (2010).
Thomas Nettleton and the dawn of quantitative assessments of the effects of medical interventions.
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Boylston AW (2011).
Observation and experimentation in developing ‘the Suttonian Method’ of inoculation.
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Boylston AW (2012).
The origins of vaccination: no inoculation, no vaccination.
View
Boylston AW (2012).
John Haygarth’s 18th century ‘Rules of Prevention’ for eradicating smallpox.
View
Boylston AW (2012).
The origins of inoculation.
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Boylston AW, Williams AE (2008).
Zabdiel Boylston’s evaluation of inoculation against smallpox.
View
Bracken MB (2008).
Why animal studies are often poor predictors of human reactions to exposure.
View
Brinkmann R, Podolsky SH (2021).
The ‘Personal Equation’ as observer bias, and proposed methods to contain it in Anglo-American medicine.
View
Bryder L (2010).
The Medical Research Council and clinical trial methodologies before the 1940s: the failure to develop a ‘scientific’ approach.
View
Bryder L (2014).
The Medical Research Council and treatments for tuberculosis before streptomycin.
View
Bull JP (1951).
A study of the history and principles of clinical therapeutic trials. MD Thesis, University of Cambridge.
View
Burch D (2009).
Astley Paston Cooper (1768–1841), anatomist, radical, and surgeon.
View
Burton MJ (2015).
Astley Cooper’s dramatically effective treatment of deafness.
View
Campbell MJ (2012).
Doing clinical trials large enough to achieve adequate reductions in uncertainties about treatment effects.
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Chalmers I (2010).
Joseph Asbury Bell (1904-1968).
View
Chalmers I (2010).
Joseph Asbury Bell and the birth of randomized trials.
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Chalmers I (2006).
Archie Cochrane (1909-1988).
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Chalmers I (2010).
Why the 1948 MRC trial of streptomycin used treatment allocation based on random numbers.
View
Chalmers I (2013).
UK Medical Research Council and multicentre clinical trials: from a damning report to international recognition.
View
Chalmers I (2019).
Doug Altman’s prescience in recognizing the need to reduce biases before tackling imprecision in Systematic Reviews.
View
Chalmers I, Clarke M (2002).
J Guy Scadding and the move from alternation to randomization.
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Chalmers I, Dukan E, Podolsky SH, Davey Smith G (2011).
The advent of fair treatment allocation schedules in clinical trials during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Chalmers I, Matthews R, Glasziou P, Boutron I, Armitage P† (2023).
Analysis of clinical trial by Treatment Allocated or by Treatment Received? Applying ‘the intention-to-treat principle’.
View
Chalmers I, Toth B (2009).
19th century controlled trials to test whether belladonna prevents scarlet fever.
View
Chalmers J (2005).
Sir George Chalmers (c 1720-1791), portraitist of James Lind.
View
Chalmers J, Chalmers I, Tröhler U (2017).
Helping physicians to keep abreast of the medical literature: Andrew Duncan and Medical and Philosophical Commentaries, 1773-1795.
View
Clarke M (2004).
The 1944 patulin trial of the British Medical Research Council: an example of how concerted common purpose can get reliable answers to important questions very quickly.
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Clarke M (2015).
History of evidence synthesis to assess treatment effects: personal reflections on something that is very much alive.
View
Clarke M (2021).
The true meaning of DICE: Don’t Ignore Chance Effects
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Clarke M, Chalmers I, Alderson P, Hopewell S (2024).
Reports of randomised control trials (RCTs) should begin and conclude with up-to-date systematic reviews of other relevant trials: a 25-year audit of the quality of trial reports.
View
Cochrane AL, Blythe M (2004).
Sickness in Salonica.
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Cockerill A, Goble PJ (2012).
Thomas Graham Balfour, pioneering medical statistician and stern disciplinarian.
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Cook H (2010).
Testing the effects of Jesuit’s bark in the Chinese Emperor’s court.
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Cox DR (2009).
Randomization for concealment.
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Cox-Maksimov D (1997).
The Making of the Clinical Trial in Britain, 1910-1945: Expertise, the State and the Public. Philosophy Thesis, University of Cambridge.
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Craft A (2006).
James Stansfeld (1917-1998).
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Crofton J† (2006).
John Crofton (1912-2009).
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Crofton J† (2004).
The MRC randomized trial of streptomycin and its legacy: a view from the clinical front line.
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Crofton J† (2005).
Marc Daniels (1907-1953), a pioneer in establishing standards for clinical trial methods and reporting.
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Crofton J† (2007).
Reginald Bignall (1913-2000).
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Davey Smith G (2006).
Capitalising on Mendelian randomization to assess the effects of treatments.
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Dean ME (2003).
‘An innocent deception’: placebo controls in the St Petersburg homeopathy trial, 1829-30.
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Dean ME (2009).
Comparative evaluation of homeopathy and allopathy within the Parisian hospital system, 1849-51.
View
Dean ME (2014).
The mustard gas experiments done by the British Homoeopathic Society for the Ministry of Home Security, 1941-42.
View
Dean ME (2015).
Selective suppression by the medical establishment of unwelcome research findings: The cholera treatment evaluation by the General Board of Health, London 1854.
View
Diaz M, Neuhauser D (2004).
Lessons from using randomization to assess gold treatment for tuberculosis.
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Dickersin K, Chalmers F (2014).
Thomas C Chalmers (1917-1995): a pioneer of randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews.
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Dickersin K, Chalmers I (2010).
Recognising, investigating and dealing with incomplete and biased reporting of clinical research: from Francis Bacon to the World Health Organisation.
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Doll R (2003).
Controlled trials testing two or more treatments simultaneously.
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Donaldson IML (2004).
Ambroise Paré’s accounts of new methods for treating gunshot wounds and burns.
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Donaldson IML (2005).
Mesmer’s 1780 proposal for a controlled trial to test his method of treatment using ‘Animal Magnetism’.
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Donaldson IML (2013).
Francis Bacon’s comments on the power of negative observations in his Novum Organum, first published in 1620.
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Donaldson IML (2016).
Petrarch’s letter to Boccaccio ‘on the proud and presumptuous behaviour of physicians’.
View
Donaldson IML (2016).
George Starkey’s 1658 challenge to Galenists to compare their treatment results with his.
View
Donaldson IML (2016).
Reflections on translating passages on ‘empirical’ and ‘dogmatic’ medicine in Celsus’s
De medicina.
View
Donaldson IML (2016).
van Helmont’s proposal for a randomised comparison of treating fevers with or without bloodletting and purging.
View
Donaldson IML (2016).
Antoine de Lavoisier’s role in designing a single-blind trial to assess whether ‘Animal Magnetism’ exists.
View
Doyle D (2011).
Thomas MacLagan’s 1876 demonstration of the dramatic effects of salicin in rheumatic fever.
View
Doyle D (2011).
Thomas John MacLagan (1838-1903).
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Edwards M (2010).
Dora Colebrook and the evaluation of light therapy.
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Edwards MV (2004).
Control and the therapeutic trial 1918 – 1948. MD Thesis, University of London.
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Elwood P (2004).
The first randomized trial of aspirin for heart attack and the advent of systematic overviews of trials.
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Erill S (2008).
Louis Lasagna (1923-2003).
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Farewell V, Johnson A† (2010).
Hilda Woods (1892-1971).
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Farewell V, Johnson A† (2010).
William Thomas Russell (1888-1953).
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Farewell V, Johnson A† (2010).
The first British textbook of medical statistics.
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Farewell V, Johnson A† (2011).
The origins of Austin Bradford Hill’s classic textbook of medical statistics.
View
Farewell V, Johnson A† (2017).
Major Greenwood and clinical trials.
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Ferroni E, Jefferson T, Gachelin G (2011).
Angelo Celli and research on the prevention of malaria in Italy a century ago.
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Fox DM (2011).
Systematic reviews and health policy: the influence of a project on perinatal care since 1988.
View
Furberg CD (2009).
How should one analyse and interpret clinical trials in which patients don’t take the treatments assigned to them?
View
Gachelin G (2013).
The interaction of scientific evidence and politics in debates about preventing malaria in 1925.
View
Gachelin G, Garner P, Ferroni E, Tröhler U, Chalmers I (2016).
Evaluating Cinchona bark and quinine for treating and preventing malaria.
View
Garattini S (2018).
Italian controlled trials to assess prevention and treatment of malaria, 1900-1930s.
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Gartlehner G, Stepper K (2011).
Julius Wagner-Jauregg: pyrotherapy, Simultanmethode, and ‘racial hygiene’.
View
Glasziou P, Aronson JK (2017).
A brief history of clinical evidence updates and bibliographic databases
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Glasziou P, Matthews R, Boutron I, Chalmers I, Armitage P† (2023)
The differences and overlaps between ‘explanatory’ and ‘pragmatic’ controlled trials: a historical perspective.
View
Glasziou PP, Tikkinen KAO (2021).
The RECOVERY trial platform: a milestone in the development and execution of treatment evaluation during an epidemic.
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Gluud C (2008).
Povl Heiberg (1868-1963).
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Gluud C (2010).
Danish contributions to the evaluation of serum therapy for diphtheria in the 1890s.
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Gluud C, Hilden J (2008).
Povl Heiberg’s 1897 methodological study on the statistical method as an aid in therapeutic trials.
View
Gong Y, Gluud C (2003).
Commentary on the Ben Cao Tu Jing (11th century). Atlas of Materia Medica. Song Dynasty (960-1279).
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Goodman NW (2017).
John Shaw Billings: creator of
Index Medicus
and medical visionary.
View
Gøtzsche PC (2004).
Niels Finsen’s treatment for lupus vulgaris.
View
Gøtzsche PC (2021).
Citation bias: questionable research practice or scientific misconduct?
View
Grimes DA (2007).
Discovering the need for randomized controlled trials in obstetrics: a personal odyssey.
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Guyatt GH, Oxman AD (2009).
Medicine’s methodological debt to the social sciences.
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Hampton J (2004).
An early parallel group trial in cardiology.
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Hampton J (2015).
Therapeutic fashion and publication bias: the case of anti-arrhythmic drugs in heart attack.
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Haynes RB (2016).
Improving reports of research by more informative abstracts: a personal reflection
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Held L, Matthews RAJ (2022).
Paradigm lost: Carl Liebermeister and the development of modern medical statistics.
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Hemminki E (2005).
Commentary on an early placebo controlled trial in Finland.
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Hemminki E (2010).
Martti Simeon Kalke (1898-1976).
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Houston C (2004).
Ferguson’s BCG research – Canada’s first randomized clinical trial?
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Howick J (2016).
Aulus Cornelius Celsus and ‘empirical’ and ‘dogmatic’ medicine
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Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC, Gluud C (1988).
The controlled clinical trial turns 100 years: Fibiger’s trial of serum treatment of diphtheria.
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Huth EJ (2005).
Quantitative evidence for judgments on the efficacy of inoculation for the prevention of smallpox: England and New England in the 1700s.
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Huth EJ (2006).
Benjamin Franklin’s (1706-1790), place in the history of medicine.
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Huth EJ (2006).
Transatlantic ideas on the philosophy of therapeutics in the middle of the 19th century.
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Huth EJ (2006).
Elisha Bartlett (1804–1855), an American disciple of Jules Gavarret.
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Huth EJ (2006).
Jules Gavarret’s Principes Généraux de Statistique Médicale: a pioneering text on the statistical analysis of the results of treatments.
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Huth EJ (2008).
The move toward setting scientific standards for the content of medical review articles.
View
Hytten F (2009).
Isabella Leitch’s contributions to the development of systematic reviews of research evidence.
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Jefferson T (2006).
Why the MRC randomized trials of whooping cough (pertussis) vaccines remain important more than half a century after they were done.
View
Jefferson T (2019).
Sponsorship bias in clinical trials – growing menace or dawning realisation?
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Jenicek M (2006).
Méta-analyse en médecine
: the first book on systematic reviews in medicine.
View
Jick H (2008).
Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs: a brief personal history.
View
JLL Bulletin Editors (2010).
Commentary on Rapport général sur les prix décernés en 1862. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale de Médecine XXVI, Paris: Ballière, p xxii-xxxv.
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Johnson A† (2019).
Textbooks and other publications on controlled clinical trials, 1948 to 1983.
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Joosse NP, Pormann PE (2008).
Archery, mathematics, and conceptualising inaccuracies in medicine in 13th century Iraq and Syria.
View
Kaptchuk TJ (2004).
Early use of blind assessment in a homeopathic scientific experiment.
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Kaptchuk TJ (2011).
A brief history of the evolution of methods to control observer biases in tests of treatments.
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Kerr CE, Milne I, Kaptchuk TJ (2007).
William Cullen and a missing mind-body link in the early history of placebos.
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Kirakosian R, Möllenbrink L, Zamore G, Kaptchuk TJ, Jensen K (2023).
Heresy, witchcraft, Jean Gerson, scepticism, and the use of placebo controls.
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Klar N, Donner A (2004).
The impact of E.F. Lindquist’s text “Statistical Analysis in Educational Research” on cluster randomisation.
View
Klingberg MA (2010).
An epidemiologist’s journey from typhus to thalidomide, and from the Soviet Union to Seveso.
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La Rochelle P (2017).
Using randomized, double-blind, n-of-1 trials of food challenge to diagnose food allergy and assess the effectiveness of food allergen avoidance.
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La Rochelle P, Julien A-S (2013).
How dramatic were the effects of handwashing on maternal mortality observed by Ignaz Semmelweis?
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Lechuga RI, Castro AC (2016).
Dramatic effects of control measures on deaths from yellow fever in Havana, Cuba, in the early 1900’s.
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Lee A (2022).
The development of network meta-analysis.
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Lee MR (2004).
The miracle of St. Alfege’s: discovering a treatment for myaesthenia gravis.
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Lee MR (2005).
William Withering (1741-1799), a biographical sketch of a Birmingham Lunatic.
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Loudon I (2002).
The use of historical controls and concurrent controls to assess the effects of sulphonamides, 1936-1945.
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Loudon I (2002).
An early Medical Research Council controlled trial of vitamins for preventing infection.
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Loudon I (2013).
Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis’ studies of death in childbirth.
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Louis-Courvoisier M (2007).
An 18th century controlled trial prompted by a potential shortage of hospital beds.
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Löwy I (2010).
Martin Arrowsmith’s clinical trial: scientific precision and heroic medicine.
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Maehle A-H (2011).
Four early clinical studies to assess the effects of Peruvian bark.
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Mann H, Djulbegovic B (2012).
Comparator bias: why comparisons must address genuine uncertainties.
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Marks HM† (1987).
Ideas as reforms: Therapeutic Experiments and Medical Practice, 1900-1980. Philosophy Thesis, Massachusetts institute of technology.
View
Marks HM† (2006).
The Kendrick-Eldering-(Frost) pertussis vaccine field trial.
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Marks HM† (2007).
James Angus Doull and the well-controlled common cold.
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Marson Smith P, Colquhoun D, Chalmers I (2019).
John Henry Gaddum’s 1940 guidance on controlled clinical trials
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Marušić A, Fatović-Ferenčić S (2012).
Adoption of the double dummy trial design to reduce observer bias in testing treatments.
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Matthews RAJ (2020).
The origins of the treatment of uncertainty in clinical medicine. Part 1: Ancient roots, familiar disputes.
View
Matthews RAJ (2020).
The origins of the treatment of uncertainty in clinical medicine. Part 2: the emergence of probability theory and its limitations.
View
McPherson K, Bunker JP (2006).
Costs, risks and benefits of surgery: a milestone in the development of health services research.
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Meinert C† (2019).
The trials and tribulations of the University Group Diabetes Program: lessons and reflections.
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Middleton J (2008).
Pellagra and the blues song ‘Cornbread, meat and black molasses’.
View
Milne I (2012).
Who was James Lind, and what exactly did he achieve?
View
Milne I, Chalmers I (2014).
Alexander Lesassier Hamilton’s 1816 report of a controlled trial of bloodletting.
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Mirza RD, Punja S, Vohra S, Guyatt G (2017).
The history and development of N of 1 trials.
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Moberg J, Kramer M (2015).
A brief history of the cluster randomized trial design.
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Moore W (2009).
John Hunter: learning from natural experiments, ‘placebos’, and the state of mind of a patient in the 18th century.
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Moore W (2009).
John Hunter (1728-1793).
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Morabia A (2004).
Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis and the evaluation of bloodletting.
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Morabia A (2006).
Joseph Goldberger’s research on the prevention of pellagra.
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Morabia A (2007).
Claude Bernard, statistics, and comparative trials.
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Morabia A (2010).
Edward Jenner’s 1798 report of challenge experiments demonstrating the protective effects of cowpox against smallpox.
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Nasser M, Tibi A (2006).
Ibn Hindu and the science of medicine.
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Nasser M, Tibi A, Savage-Smith E (2007).
Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine: 11th century rules for assessing the effects of drugs.
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Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2006).
Jesse GM Bullowa (1879-1943).
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Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2007).
Russell LaFayette Cecil (1881-1965).
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Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2007).
Use of rotation to allocate patients to homeopathic or regular medical services in Cook County Hospital, Chicago, 1882.
View
Neuhauser D, Diaz M, Chalmers I (2007).
A puzzling omission in a great medical textbook edited by a pioneer of controlled trials.
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Nunn JF (2008).
A treatment that has stood the test of time for over three and a half millennia.
View
Nylenna, M (2023).
Paul Owren, Christopher Bjerkelund and the dawn of controlled trials in Norway.
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O'Rourke K (2006).
A historical perspective on meta-analysis: dealing quantitatively with varying study results.
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Oliver S (2014).
Advantages of concurrent preparation and reporting of systematic reviews of quantitative and qualitative evidence.
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Olsen SF (2002).
The People’s League of Health trial.
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Opinel A, Gachelin G (2010).
French 19th century contributions to the development of treatments for diphtheria.
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Passmore R† (2001).
William Cullen (1710-1790).
View
Pazzini A (1958).
Angelo Celli (1857-1914).
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Peters L, Hepner J (2009).
George Chalmers’ portrait of James Lind, 1783-2008: a reconstruction.
View
Peto J (2016).
Reflections on the importance of strict adherence to treatment protocols: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children in the 1970s in the US and the UK.
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Peto R (2016).
Reflections on the design and analysis of clinical trials and meta-analyses in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Petrosino A (2006).
Charles Frederick [Fred] Mosteller (1916-2006).
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Podolsky SH (2008).
Jesse Bullowa, specific treatment for pneumonia, and the development of the controlled clinical trial.
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Podolsky SH (2022).
The (Harry) Gold Standard: angina, suggestion, and the path to the “double-blind” test and Clinical Pharmacology.
View
Podolsky SH, Davey Smith G (2011).
Park’s story and Winters’ tale: alternate allocation clinical trials in turn of the Century America.
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Pollock JI (2003).
Clifford Wilson (1906-1997) and Martin Pollock (1914-1999).
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Pollock JI (2005).
Two controlled trials of supplementary feeding of British school children in the 1920s.
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Pollock JI (2017).
A controlled trial using a factorial design reported in 1946.
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Pormann PE (2013).
Qualifying and quantifying medical uncertainty in 10th century Baghdad: Abu Bakr al-Razi.
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Pormann PE (2018).
Concepts of patient groups in 10th-century Iraq and Persia
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Ramanna M (2014).
Nasarwanji Hormusji Choksy (1861-1939), a pioneer of controlled clinical trials.
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Reid CM (2008).
Donald Darnley Reid (1914-1977).
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Rennie D, Chalmers I (2009).
Exposing the dangers to patients of medical reviews and textbooks that ignore scientific principles.
View
Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Pound P (2022).
The role of systematic reviews in identifying the limitations of preclinical animal research, 2000 – 2022.
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Rodeck CH (2004).
Geoffrey William Theobald (1896–1977).
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Rolls R (2003).
Caleb Hillier Parry (1755-1822).
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Sackett DL† (2008).
A 1955 clinical trial report that changed my career.
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Sackett DL† (2015).
Why did I become a clinician-trialist?
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Scadding JG (2002).
Reflections on my studies of the effects of sulphonamide drugs in bacillary dysentery in Egypt, 1943-1944.
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Scadding JW (2017).
John Guyett Scadding’s scepticism and pragmatism in addressing treatment uncertainties in clinical practice.
View
Schlesselman JJ (2015).
Jerome Cornfield’s Bayesian approach to assessing interim results in clinical trials.
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Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Altman DG†, Grimes DA, Moher D, Hayes RJ (2018).
‘Allocation concealment’: the evolution and adoption of a methodological term.
View
Senn S (2024).
An Early 20th Century Handbook on ‘Meta-analysis’: David Brunt’s The Combination of Observations.
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Senn SJ (2017).
Cushny and Peebles, optical isomers, and the birth of modern statistics.
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Senn SJ, Chalmers I (2021).
Giving and taking: ethical treatment assignment in controlled trials.
View
Shannon H (2008).
A statistical note on Karl Pearson’s 1904 meta-analysis.
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Sidebottom E (2012).
Roger Bacon and the beginnings of experimental science in Britain.
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Silverman WA† (2003).
Personal reflections on lessons learned from randomized trials involving newborn infants, 1951 to 1967.
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Silverman WA†, Chalmers I (2002).
Casting and drawing lots: a time-honoured way of dealing with uncertainty and for ensuring fairness.
View
Sinclair L (2007).
Recognising, treating and understanding pernicious anaemia.
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Slater SD (2010).
The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy.
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Solis C (2011).
Bartolomé Hidalgo de Agüero’s 16th century, evidence-based challenge to the orthodox management of wounds.
View
Spain P, Kadan-Lottick N (2010).
Observations of unprecedented remissions following novel treatment for acute leukemia in children in 1948.
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Spanager L (2005).
Jansen’s 1910 use of a single blind experiment to assess the effects of radioactive water on rheumatic diseases.
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Spanager L (2010).
Hans Ditlev Jansen (1875–1933).
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Stjernswärd J (2009)
Meta-analysis as a manifestation of ‘bondförnuft’ (‘peasant sense’).
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Stjernswärd J (2013)
Personal reflections on contributions to pain relief, palliative care and global cancer control
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Stolberg M (2006).
Inventing the randomized double-blind trial: The Nürnberg salt test of 1835.
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Stoll S (2004).
Paul Martini’s Methodology of therapeutic investigation.
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Stoll S (2010).
Paul Franz Xavier Martini (1889-1964).
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Straus S, Eisinga A, Sackett D† (2015).
What drove the Evidence Cart? Bringing the library to the bedside.
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Stylianou C, Kelnar C (2008).
The introduction of successful treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin.
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Sugiyama Y, Seita A (2013).
Kanehiro Takaki and the control of beriberi in the Japanese Navy.
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Sutton G (2004).
James Lind aboard Salisbury.
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Tansey EM (2006).
Philip Montagu D’Arcy Hart (1900-2006).
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Thacker SB† (2009).
How I came to write papers for clinicians in the late 1980s about improving the quality of reviews.
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Tibi S (2005).
Al-Razi and Islamic medicine in the 9th Century.
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Tognoni G, Franzosi MG, Garattini S (2018).
Embedding patient- and public health-oriented research in a national health service: the GISSI experience.
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Toth B (1998).
Clinical trials in British medicine 1858 – 1948, with special reference to the development of the randomised controlled trial. Philosophy Thesis, University of Bristol.
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Topics
Individual patient data
Pre-clinical
Fair tests of treatments
The need to address treatment uncertainties
Principles of Testing
Treatment comparisons are essential
Dramatic effects
Placebo effects
Treatment comparisons must be fair
Biases
Design bias
Allocation bias
N-of-1 crossover
Cluster allocation
Crossover tests
Factorial design
Co-intervention bias
Observer bias
Double dummy
Analysis bias
Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
Reporting bias
Biases in systematic reviews
Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
The play of chance
Recording and interpreting numbers
Quantifying uncertainty
Using meta-analysis
Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
Improving reports of research
Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
Using the results of research
