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James Lind LibraryThe James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Pearl R (1919)

A statistical discussion of the relative efficacy of different methods of treating pneumonia. Archives of Internal Medicine 24:398-403.

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Whole article

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Quantifying uncertainty

Key articles

  • Altman DG, Simera I (2015).
    A history of the evolution of guidelines for reporting medical research: the long road to the EQUATOR Network.

Other articles

  • Farewell V, Johnson A (2011).
    The origins of Austin Bradford Hill’s classic textbook of medical statistics.

All topics

  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Placebo effects
      • Dramatic effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Factorial design
      • Crossover tests
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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