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Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Van Winkle W, Herwick RF, Calvery HO, Smith A (1944).

Laboratory and clinical appraisal on new drugs. Report of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry. JAMA 126:958-961.

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Key passage(s)

Winkle et al 1944_0001 Winkle_et_al_1944_kp2

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Van Winkle W, Herwick RF, Calvery HO, Smith A (1944). Laboratory and clinical appraisal on new drugs. Report of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry. JAMA 126(15):958-961.

Acknowledgements

The editors are grateful to:

JAMA for making a toll free link to the pdf of this article available (email to Iain Chalmers from Annette Flanagin, 29 August 2014).

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • The need to address treatment uncertainties
  • Treatment comparisons are essential
  • Treatment comparisons must be fair

All topics

  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Placebo effects
      • Dramatic effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Factorial design
      • Crossover tests
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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