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James Lind LibraryThe James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Marshall EK (1949)

Clinical therapeutic trial of a new drug. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 85:221-230.

Title page(s)

Marshall-1949-tp

Key passage(s)

Marshall-1949-kp1 Marshall-1949-kp2 Marshall-1949-kp3 Marshall-1949-kp4 Marshall-1949-kp5 Marshall-1949-kp6 Marshall-1949-kp7 Marshall-1949-kp8 Marshall-1949-kp9 Marshall-1949-kp10

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • The need to address treatment uncertainties
  • Principles of Testing
  • Treatment comparisons are essential
  • Treatment comparisons must be fair

All topics

  • Individual patient data
  • Pre-clinical
  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Dramatic effects
      • Placebo effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Crossover tests
      • Factorial design
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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