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James Lind LibraryThe James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Peto R (1978)

Clinical trial methodology. Biomedicine 28 (special issue):24-36.

Key passage(s)

Peto 1978_kp1 Peto 1978_kp2 Peto 1978_kp3

Whole article

Download the full article as a PDF

Peto R (1978). Clinical trial methodology. Biomedicine 28 (special issue):24-36.

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • Fair tests of treatments
  • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
  • Factorial design
  • Allocation bias
  • The play of chance

Key articles

  • Doll R (2003).
    Controlled trials testing two or more treatments simultaneously.
  • Peto R (2016).
    Reflections on the design and analysis of clinical trials and meta-analyses in the 1970s and 1980s.

All topics

  • Individual patient data
  • Pre-clinical
  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Dramatic effects
      • Placebo effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Crossover tests
      • Factorial design
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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