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James Lind LibraryThe James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Schwartz D, Flamant R, Lellouch J, Rouquette C (1960)

Les essais thérapeutiques cliniques [Controlled clinical trials]. Paris: Masson.

Title page(s)

Schwartz_et_al_1960_tp1 Schwartz_et_al_1960_tp2 Schwartz_et_al_1960_tp3

Key passage(s)

Schwartz_et_al_1960_kp1 Schwartz_et_al_1960_kp2 Schwartz_et_al_1960_kp3 Schwartz_et_al_1960_kp4 Schwartz_et_al_1960_kp5 Schwartz_et_al_1960_kp6

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • The need to address treatment uncertainties
  • Principles of Testing
  • Treatment comparisons are essential
  • Treatment comparisons must be fair

Key articles

  • Chalmers I (2013).
    UK Medical Research Council and multicentre clinical trials: from a damning report to international recognition.
  • Bird SM (2014).
    The 1959 meeting in Vienna on controlled clinical trials – a methodological landmark.
  • Zwarenstein M (2016).
    ‘Pragmatic’ and ‘Explanatory’ attitudes to randomized trials.

All topics

  • Individual patient data
  • Pre-clinical
  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Dramatic effects
      • Placebo effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Crossover tests
      • Factorial design
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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