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al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th century AH)
Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine]. As cited in Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿah. ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ [The best accounts of the classes of physicians]. Available in MüIler A, ed. A thirteenth-century history of physicians. 2 vols. Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿah al-Wahbiyyah / Königsberg: Selbstverlag, 1882–4. Vol I, p 314 (five lines from bottom).

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Aulus Cornelius Celsus (1st century AD)
De Medicina. Florence: Nicolaus [Laurentii]

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Harvey W (c.1640-1657)
Marginalia. In: Aelius Galenus (1640). ΓΑΛΗΝΟΥ, Πρὸς ΘΡΑΣΥΒΟΥΛΟΝ, περὶ ἀρίστης αἱρέσεως. Galeni, De optima Secta, ad Thrasybulum. In: Goulston DT (editor). Galeni Opuscula hoc Libro comprehensa. London: Richard Badger, pp. 66–143.

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Boyle R (1661)
In defense of Experimental Essays. In: Certain Physiological Essays, written at distant times, and on several occasions pp 4-5. London: Printed for Henry Herringman at the Anchor in the Lower walk in the New-Exchange.

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Papin D (1704)
123. Papin an Leibniz. In: Gerland E (1881) Leibnizens und Huygens’ Briefwechsel mit Papin. Berlin:Verlag der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. p 328.

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Ludwig CG (1752)
Commentarii de rebus scientia naturali et medicina gestis [Commentaries on achievements in the natural sciences and medicine] Vol.1, Part 1. Leipzig: Frederick Gleditsch.

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Duncan A (1773)
Medical and Philosophical Commentaries. Volume First, Part I. London: J Murray.

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Blane G (1785)
Observations on the diseases incident to seamen. London: Joseph Cooper, pp ix.

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Warren J (1812)
Remarks on Angina Pectoris. New England Journal Medicine & Surgery 1:1-11.

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Young T (1813)
An Introduction to Medical Literature, including a System of Practical Nosology, Intended as a Guide to Students, and an Assistant to Practitioners. London: Underwood and Blacks.

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Double FJ (1820)
Considérations thérapeutiques sur une nouvelle préparation de quinquina. Revue médicale, 6ème livraison.

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de Laplace P-S (1820)
Théorie analytique des probabilités [Analytic theory of probabilities]. Oeuvres complètes 7 (3ème édition). Paris:Courcier, page lxxvii.

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Elliotson J (1823)
Medical properties of quinine. Medico-Chirurgical Transactions 12:543-564.

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Thomson TRH (1846)
On the value of quinine in African remittent fever. Lancet 47:244-245.

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Bryson A (1847)
Report on the Climate and Principal Diseases of the African Station. London: Printed by order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

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Bryson A (1854)
On the prophylactic influence of quinine. Medical Times and Gazette 8:6-7.

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Schweig G (1854)
Auseinandersetzung der statistischen Methode [Deliberation about the statistical method]. Archiv fὔr physiologische Helkunde 13:305-355.

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Baikie WB (1856)
Narrative of an exploring voyage up the rivers Kwora and Binue in 1854. London: John Murray.

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Jürgensen T (1866)
Klinische Studien über die Behandlung des Abdominalytyphus mittelst des kalten wassers [Clinical studes on the treatment of abdominal typhus with cold water]. Leipzig, Vogel, pviii.

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Fick A (1866)
Die Medicinische Physik [Medical physics]. Braunschweig,Vieweg, pp 430-447.

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Jessen W (1867)
Zur analytischen statistik [On analytic statistics]. Zeitschrift for biologie 3:128-136.

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Liebermeister C (1877)
Ueber Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung in Anwendung auf therapeutische Statistik [On the calculus of probabilities applied to therapeutic statistics]. In: Volkmann R (ed), Sammlung Klinischer Vortrȁge, Innere Medicin, No 39, pp 935-962.

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Billings JS (1881)
An Address on our Medical Literature. BMJ 2:262–268.

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Hartridge G (1886)
Tobacco amblyopia. BMJ 1:200.

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Stuart W (1889)
A remarkable case of morphine addiction. BMJ 1:1051-52.

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Anonymous (1890)
The placebo in medicine. Medical Press 1890:18th June p642.

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Dymock W, Warden CJH, Hooper D (1891)
A history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India. Pharmacographia Indica Vol. II. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, pp 180-181.

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Cotton FJ (1899)
The Present Status of the Antistreptococcic Serum. New England Journal of Medicine 140:105-109. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM189902021400501

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Koch R (1900)
Vierter Bericht über die Thätigkeit der Malaria-Expedition, die Monate März und April 1900 umfassend [Fourth report on the activity of the Malaria Expedition, comprising the months of March and April 1900] Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift 25:397-398.

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Choksy NH (1901)
Plague treatment with Lustig’s serum. Indian Medical Gazette 36:154–155.

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Celli A (1903)
La malaria in Italia durante il 1902. Parte II: Profilassi della malaria. [Malaria in Italy in 1902. Part II: Prophylaxis of Malaria]. Annali di Igiene Sperimentale 13:322-343.

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Anonymous (1908)
Alcohol in the treatment of pneumonia and enteric fever. Lancet 157:442.

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Solis-Cohen M, Strickler A (1911)
The effect produced by some therapeutic measures on the different forms of leucocytes in pulmonary tuberculosis. New England Journal of Medicine 165:563-568.

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Barnes HL (1912)
Report of 150 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis treated with tuberculin. JAMA 59:332-33.

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Park WH (1912)
The role of animal experimentation in the discoveries leading to our present knowledge of the etiology, prevention and cure of diphtheria. JAMA 53:453-459.

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Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry (1913)
Sinkina. JAMA 61:1056-1058.

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Wesselhoeft W (1915)
Hospital Efficiency from the Standpoint of Hospital Trustees. The New England Journal of Medicine 172:778. 10.1056/NEJM191505271722104

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Bastedo WA (1915)
Clinical Experience with Liquid Paraffin (Liquid Petrolatum): A Comparative Investigation Made Under the Auspices of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry. JAMA 64: 808-809.

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Goadby K (1916)
An inquiry into the natural history of septic wounds. Lancet 188: 89-95.

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Brunt D (1917)
The Combination of Observations. Cambridge University Press.

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Mcguire LW, Redden WR (1919)
Treatment of Influenzal pneumonia by the use of convalescent human serum, Second report. JAMA 72:709-713. doi:10.1001/jama.1919.02610100017007

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Acton HW (1920)
Researches on the treatment of benign tertian fever. Lancet 1:1257-1261.

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McCall WA (1923)
How to experiment in education. New York: Macmillan.

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Frost WH (1925)
Rendering account in public health. American Journal of Public Health 15:394-397.

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Medical Research Council (1925)
Report of the committee upon cinchona derivatives and malaria. In: Clinical comparisons of quinine and quinidine. London: HMSO, pp 5-16.

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Sinton JA (1926)
Studies in Malaria, with special reference to Treatment. Part I. Introduction and routine methods. Indian Journal of Medical Research 13: 565-577.

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Sinton JA (1926)
Studies in Malaria, with special reference to treatment. Part II. The effects of treatment on the prevention of relapse in infections with Plasmodium Falciparum. Indian Journal of Medical Research 13: 579-601.

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Sinton JA (1927)
Studies in Malaria, with special reference to treatment. Part VII. The intravenous injection of sodium stovarsol in the treatment of benign tertian malaria. Indian Journal of Medical Research 15:287-299.

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Earp JR (1927)
The need for reporting negative results. JAMA 88:119.

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Sinton JA, Bird W (1929)
Studies in Malaria, with special reference to treatment. Part XI: The Cinchona alkaloids in the treatment of benign tertian malaria. Indian Journal of Medical Research 16: 725-746.

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King D (1931)
Prevention of post-operative pulmonary complications. Report and Notices of Meetings. The New England Journal of Medicine 205:1320.

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Walters JE (1932)
Measuring effectiveness of personnel counseling. Personnel Journal, 11, 227-236.

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Fischer A (1934)
Human Convalescent Serum in the Treatment of Preparalytic Poliomyelitis. Am J Dis Child 48: 481-501.

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Wistar Institute (1934)
Style brief, a guide for authors in preparing manuscripts and drawings for the most effective and economical method of publishing biological research. Philadelphia: The Wistar Institute Press.

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Mainland D (1934)
Chance and the blood count. Canadian Medical Association Journal 30:656-658.

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Hicks EP, Diwan Chand S (1935)
The relative clinical efficacy of totaquina and quinine. In: Records of the Malaria Survey of India 5:39-50.

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Malaria Commission (1937)
The treatment of Malaria: Study of synthetic drugs, as compared with Quinine, in the therapeutics and prophylaxis of Malaria. Bulletin of the Health Organisation, Vol VI, no. 6.

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Riseman JEF, Brown MG (1937)
Medicinal treatment of angina pectoris. Archives of Internal Medicine 60:100-118.

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Greenwood M (1943)
Statistical note. Lancet 2:634-5.

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Van Winkle W, Herwick RF, Calvery HO, Smith A (1944)
Laboratory and clinical appraisal on new drugs. Report of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry. JAMA 126:958-961.

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Bransby ER, Hunter JW, Magee HE, Milligan EHM, Rodgers TS (1944)
The influence of supplements of vitamins A, B1, B2, C, and D on growth, health and physical fitness. BMJ 1:77.

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Anderson T (1944)
Clinical studies in sulphonamide chemotherapy. MD thesis, University of Glasgow.

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Johnstone RDC (1946)
Relapsing benign tertian malaria treated with paludrine. Lancet 2:825-826.

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Loveless MH (1950)
Milk allergy: a survey of its incidence; experiments with a masked ingestion test. J Allergy 21:489-499.

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Rinzler SH, Bakst H, Benjamin Z, Bobb AL, Travell J (1950)
Failure of alpha tocopherol to influence chest pain in patients with heart disease. Circulation 1:288-293.

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Ross OB (1951)
The use of controls in medical research. JAMA 145:72-75.

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Powers E, Witmer HL (1951)
An experiment in the prevention of delinquency: the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study. New York: Columbia University Press.

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Lancaster HO (1951)
Quantitative methods in biological and medical sciences. Springer: New York.

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Hammon W, Coriell LL, Stokes J (1952)
Evaluation of red cross gamma globulin as a prophylactic agent for poliomyelitis: 1. Plan of controlled field tests and results of 1951 pilot study in Utah. JAMA 150:739-749.

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Mainland D (1952)
Intercurrent Events. In: Elementary Medical Statistics: the principles of quantitative medicine. London: WB Saunders Company, p 109. [Facimile copy printed and bound in India. Pranava Books. 2- LB100151138852 -301 -4 sa.]

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Rinzler SH, Travell J, Bakst H, Benjamin ZH, Rosenthal RL, Rosenfeld S, Hirsch BB (1953)
Effect of heparin in effort angina. American Journal of Medicine 14:438-447.

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Mainland D (1954)
The modern method of clinical trial. In Steele JM, ed. Methods in Medical Research, Vol 6. Chicago: Year Book Inc, pp152-158.

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Rheumatic Fever Working Party of the Medical Research Council of GB and the subcommittee of principal investigators of the American Council on Rheumatic Fever and Congenital Heart Disease, American Heart Association. (1955)
Treatment of acute rheumatic fever in children; a co-operative clinical trial of A.C.T.H., Cortisone, and Aspirin. BMJ 1:555-574

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Mainland D (1955)
An experimental statistician looks at anthropometry. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 63:474-483.

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Cole JO, Ross S, Bouthilet L, Freeman H, Bennett IF, Hoffman JL, Lehmann H (1957)
Recommendations for reporting studies of psychiatric drugs. Public Health Report 72:638–645.

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Greiner T, Bross I, Gold H (1957)
A method for evaluation of laxative habits in human subjects. Journal of Chronic Diseases 6:244-255.

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Bjerkelund CJ (1957)
The effect of long-term treatment with dicoumarol in myocardial infarction. A controlled clinical study. Acta Med Scand Suppl 330:1-212.

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Sutherland I (1958)
Statistical aspects of clinical trials. In: Dodds C, ed. Report of a Symposium on Clinical Trials held at The Royal Society of Medicine, London, 25 April, p 53, pp 50-55.

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Cobb LA, Thomas GI, Dillard DH, Merendino KA, Bruce RA (1959)
An Evaluation of Internal-Mammary-Artery Ligation by a Double-Blind Technic. New England Journal of Medicine 260:1115-1118.

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Laurence DR, ed. (1959)
Quantitative Methods in Human Pharmacology and Therapeutics. London: Pergamon Press.

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Lasagna L, Meier P (1959)
Experimental Design and Statistical Problems. In: Waife SO, Shapiro AP, eds. The Clinical Evaluation of New Drugs. New York: Hoeber. pp 37-60.

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Knowelden J (1959)
Prophylactic trials. In: Witts LJ ed. Medical Surveys and Clinical Trials. London: Oxford University Press. pp 118-133.

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Mainland D (1960)
The use and misuse of statistics in medical publications. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1:411-22.

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Dimond EG, Kittle CF, Crockett JE (1960)
Comparison of internal mammary artery ligation and sham operation for angina pectoris∗. The American Journal of Cardiology 5:483-486.

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Knowelden J (1960)
The analysis and presentation of results. In: Hill AB, ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. In: Hill AB, ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 155-159.

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Bywaters E (1960)
Rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment and illustrative answers. In: Hill AB ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp 75-83.

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Glick BS, Margolis R (1962)
A study of the influence of experimental design on clinical outcome in drug research. American Journal of Psychiatry 118:1087-1096.

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Hill AB (1962)
Alfred Watson Memorial Lecture: The Statistician in Medicine. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 88:178-191. doi:10.1017/S0020268100014980

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Glick BS (1963)
Inadequacies in the reporting of clinical drug research. Psychiatr Q 37:234-44.

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Campbell DT, Stanley JC (1963)
Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company.

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Mainland D (1963)
The significance of "nonsignificance". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 4:580-6.

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Mainland D (1963)
Elementary medical statistics: 2nd edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.

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Mahon WA, Daniel EE (1964)
A method for the assessment of reports of drug trials. Canadian Medical Association Journal 90:565-9.

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Armitage P, Borchgrevink CF (1966)
Prevention of recurrences of myocardial infarction. Comments on a previous article. Archives of Internal Medicine 118:270-274.

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Pollock TM, Bell JA, Hill AB, Cockburn WC, Cvjetanović B, Evans DG, Kostrzewski J, Schofield FD (1966)
Trials of Prophylactic agents for the control of communicable diseases: a guide to their organization and evaluation‎. Geneva: World Health Organization.

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Hudson J (pseudonym for Crichton M) (1968)
A case of need. The World Publishing Company, New York.

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Ertl N (1969)
A new way of documenting scientific data from medical publications. Karger Gazette 20:1-4.

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Doll R (1969)
Recognition of unwanted effects of drugs. BMJ 2:69-76.

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Garvey WD, Lin N, Nelson CE (1970)
Communication in the physical and social sciences: the process of disseminating and assimilating information differ in these two groups of science. Science 170:1166-1173.

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Armitage P (1971)
Statistical methods in medical research. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Edinburgh.

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Cochrane AL (1972)
Effectiveness and Efficiency: random reflections on health services. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.

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Medico-Pharmaceutical Forum (1974)
A report by the Forum’s Working Party on Clinical Trials. London: Medico-Pharmaceutical Forum.

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Davis JM (1975)
Overview: Maintenance therapy in Psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 132:1237-1244.

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Rogers SC, Clay PM (1975)
A statistical review of controlled trials of imipramine and placebo in the treatment of depressive illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry 127:599-603.

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Davis JM (1976)
Overview: Maintenance therapy in psychiatry:2. Affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 133:1-13.

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Cornfield J (1976)
Recent methodological contributions to clinical trials. American Journal of Epidemiology 104:408-421.

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Shaikh W, Vayda E, Freeman W (1976)
A systematic review of the literature on the studies of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Pediatrics 57:401-407.

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The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (1977)
Guidelines for preclinical and clinical testing of new medicinal products: Part 2 – investigations in man. London: ABPI.

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The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (1977)
Guidelines for preclinical and clinical testing of new medicinal products: Part 1-Laboratory investigations. London: ABPI.

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Peto R (1978)
Clinical trial methodology. Biomedicine 28 (special issue):24-36.

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Cornfield J (1978)
Randomization by group: a formal analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology 108:100-102.

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White SJ, Freedman LS (1978)
Allocation of patients to treatment groups in a controlled clinical study. British Journal of Cancer 37:849-857.

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Dudley HAF (1978)
Surgical research: master or servant. The American Journal of Surgery 135:458-460.

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Waber DP, Vuori-Christiansen L, Ortiz N, Clement JR, Christiansen NE, Mora JO, Reed RB, Herrera MG (1981)
Nutritional supplementation, maternal education, and cognitive development of infants at risk of malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr (Suppl 4):807-13.

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Altman DG (1981)
Statistics and ethics in medical research. VIII-Improving the quality of statistics in medical journals. BMJ 282:44–47.

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Hampton JR (1981)
Presentation and analysis of the results of clinical trials in cardiovascular disease BMJ 282:1371-1373.

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Thomsen J, Bretlau P, Tos M, Johnsen NJ (1981)
Ménière's disease: endolymphatic sac decompression compared with sham (placebo) decompression. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 374:820-30.

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May GS, Eberlein KA, Furberg CD, Passamani ER, DeMets DL (1982)
Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: A review of long-term trials. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 24:331–352.

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Chalmers TC (1982)
Combinations of data from randomized control trials. Discussion. Proceedings of Current Topics in Biostatistics and Epidemiology. A memorial symposium in honor of Jerome Cornfield. Biometrics 38:250-3.

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Altman DG (1982)
Statistics in medical journals. Statistics in Medicine 1:59-71.

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Altman DG, Gore SM, Gardner MJ, Pocock SJ (1983)
Statistical guidelines for contributors to medical journals. BMJ 286:1489-93.

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MacLeod IA, Mills PR, MacKenzie JF, Joffe SN, Russell RI, Carter DC (1983)
Neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet laser photocoagulation for major haemorrhage from peptic ulcers and single vessels: a single blind controlled study. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 286:345.

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Fleischer D (1985)
Endoscopic Nd: YAG laser therapy for active esophageal variceal bleeding. A randomized controlled study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 31:4-9.

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Freitas D, Donato A, Monteiro JG (1985)
Controlled trial of liquid monopolar electrocoagulation in bleeding peptic ulcers. American Journal of Gastroenterology 80:853-7.

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Hedges LV, Olkin I (1985)
Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando: Academic Press.

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Gracely RH, Dubner R, Deeter WR, Wolskee PJ (1985)
Clinicians’ expectations influence placebo analgesia. Lancet 325:43. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90984-5

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Vartiainen E, Puska P, Tossavainen K, Viri L, Niskanen E, Moisio S, McAlister A, Pallonen U (1986)
Prevention of non-communicable diseases: Risk factors in youth. The North Karelia Youth Project (1984-88). Health Promotion 1:269-83.

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Schinke SP, Gilchrist LD, Schilling RF, Senechal VA (1986)
Smoking and smokeless tobacco use among adolescents: trends and intervention results. Public Health Reports 101:373-8.

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Herxheimer A, Zentler-Munro P, Winn D (1986)
Therapeutic trials and society: making the best use of resources. London: Consumers Association.

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ISIS-1 (first International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1986)
Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16 027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. First International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group. Lancet 2:57-66.

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Pocock SJ, Hughes MD, Lee RJ (1987)
Statistical problems in the reporting of clinical trials. A survey of three medical journals. New England Journal of Medicine 317:426-32.

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Roifman CM, Levison H, Gelfand EW (1987)
High-dose versus low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in hypogammaglobulinaemia and chronic lung disease. Lancet 329: 1075–1077.

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Huth EJ (1987)
Structured abstracts for papers reporting clinical trials. Annals of Internal Medicine 106:626-627.

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Lindor KD, Hughes RW, Ilstrup DM, Jensen (1987)
Intragastric balloons in comparison with standard therapy for obesity - a randomized, double-blind trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 62:992–6.

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Meshkinpour H, Hsu D, Farivar S (1988)
Effect of gastric bubble as a weight reduction device: a controlled, crossover study. Gastroenterology 95:589–92.

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Newcombe RG (1988)
Explanatory and pragmatic estimates of the treatment effect when deviations from allocated treatment occur. . Statistics in Medicine Volume 7, Issue 11 p. 1179-1186.

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Gøtzsche PC (1989)
Methodology and overt and hidden bias in reports of 196 double-blind trials of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Control Clinical Trials 10:31-56.

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Hetherington J, Dickersin K, Chalmers I, Meinert CL (1989)
Retrospective and prospective identification of unpublished controlled trials: lessons from a survey of obstetricians and pediatricians. Pediatrics 84(2):374-80.

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Haynes RB, Mulrow CD, Huth EJ, Altman DG, Gardner MJ (1990)
More informative abstracts revisited. Annals of Internal Medicine 113:69-75.

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Altman DG, Doré CJ (1990)
Randomisation and baseline comparisons in clinical trials. . Lancet 335:149–153.

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Mathus-Vliegen EM, Tytgat GN, Veldhuyzen-Offermans EA (1990)
Intragastric balloon in the treatment of super-morbid obesity. Double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover evaluation of 500-milliliter balloon. Gastroenterology 99:362-9.

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ACP Journal Club (1991)
Supplement to Annals of Internal Medicine. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, Volume 114, Supplement 1.

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Advanced Ovarian Cancer Trialists Group (1991)
Chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer: an overview of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 303:884-893.

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Oxman AD, Guyatt GH (1991)
Validation of an index of the quality of review articles. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 44:121-1278.

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Hill AB, Hill ID (1991)
Differential exclusions. In: Bradford Hill’s Principles of Medical Statistics. 12th edition. London: Edward Arnold. pp 226-228.

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Chalmers I (1991)
The perinatal research agenda: whose priorities? Birth 18(3), 137-41.

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Ike RW, Arnold WJ, Rothschild EW, Shaw HL, and the Tidal Irrigation Cooperating Group. (1992)
Tidal irrigation versus conservative medical management in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a prospective randomized study. Journal of Rheumatology 19:772-9.

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Milne R, Chambers LW (1993)
Brief Communication: How to read a review article. Health Libraries Review 10:38-39.

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Milne R, Chambers L (1993)
Assessing the scientific quality of review articles. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 47:169-170.

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Oxman AD, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Jaeschke R, Heddle N, Keller J (1993)
An index of scientific quality for health reports in the lay press. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46:987-1001.

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Moher D, Dulberg CS, Wells GA. (1994)
Statistical power, sample size, and their reporting in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 272:122-4.

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Counsell CE, Clarke MJ, Slattery J, Sandercock PAG (1994)
The miracle of DICE therapy for acute stroke: fact or fictional product of subgroup analysis? BMJ 309:1677-1681.

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Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Grimes DA, Altman DG (1994)
Assessing the quality of randomization from reports of controlled trials published in obstetrics and gynecology journals. JAMA 272:125-8.

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Veterans Affairs Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group (1994)
Sclerotherapy for male alcoholic cirrhotic patients who have bled from esophageal varices: results of a randomized, multicenter clinical trial. Hepatology 20:618-25.

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Hartigan P (1994)
Sclerotherapy for male alcoholic cirrhotic patients who have bled from esophageal varices: Results of a randomized, multicenter clinical trial. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group. Hepatology 20:618–625.

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Sutton CJ, Ewen SP, Whitelaw N, Haines P (1994)
Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of laser laparoscopy in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal, mild, and moderate endometriosis. Fertil Steril 62:696–700.

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Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Altman DG, Grimes DA, Doré CJ (1995)
The methodologic quality of randomization as assessed from reports of trials in specialist and general medical journals. Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials 4:197.

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Moher D, Jadad AR, Nichol G, Penman M, Tugwell P, Walsh S (1995)
Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials: an annotated bibliography of scales and checklists. Control Clinical Trials 16:62-73.

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Glasziou P, Irwig M (1995)
An evidence based approach to individualising treatment. BMJ 311:1356.

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Chalmers I (1995)
What do I want from health research and researchers when I am a patient? BMJ 310(6990), 1315-8.

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Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Gray JAM, Haynes RB, Richardson WS (1996)
Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ 312:71-73.

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Higgins JPT, Whitehead A (1996)
Borrowing strength from external trials in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 15:2733-2749.

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Sutton CJ, Pooley AS, Ewen SP, Haines P (1997)
Follow-up report on a randomized controlled trial of laser laparoscopy in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal to moderate endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 68:1070-4.

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Smith R, Roberts I (1997)
An amnesty for unpublished trials. BMJ 315:622.

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Waller LA (1997)
A note on Harold S Diehl, randomization, and clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials 18: 180-183.

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Moher D, Pham B, Jones A, Cook DJ, Jadad AR, Moher M, Tugwell P, Klassen TP (1998)
Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses? Lancet 352:609-613.

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Fitzpatrick R, Davey C, Buxton MJ, Jones (1998)
Evaluating patient-based outcome measures for use in clinical trials. Health Technology Assessment 2(14), i-iv, 1-74.

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Jefferson T, Deeks J (1999)
The use of systematic reviews for editorial peer reviewing: a population approach. . In: Godlee F, Jefferson T, eds. Peer review in health sciences. London: BMJ Books, pp 224-234.

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Hollis S, Campbell F (1999)
What is meant by intention-to-treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. BMJ 319:670-674.

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Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H (2020)
The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol 18(7): e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.

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Pound P, Ritskes-Hoitinga M (2020)
Can prospective systematic reviews of animal studies improve clinical translation? J Transl Med 18:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-02205-x

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Gao Y, Shi S, Li M, Luo X, Liu M, Yang K, Zhang J, Song F, Tian J (2020)
Statistical analyses and quality of individual participant data network meta-analyses were suboptimal: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medicine 18:120.

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Naidoo N, Nguyen VT, Ravaud P, Young B, Amiel P, Schanté D, Clarke M, Boutron I (2020)
P, Young B, Amiel P, Schanté D, Clarke M, Boutron I (2020). The research burden of randomized controlled trial participation: a systematic thematic synthesis of qualitative evidence. BMC Medicine 18, 6. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-019-1476-5

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Moustgaard H, Clayton GL, Jones HE, Boutron I, Jørgensen L, Laursen DRT, Olsen MF, Paludan-Müller A, Ravaud P, Savović J, Sterne JAC, Higgins JPT, Hróbjartsson A (2020)
Impact of blinding on estimated treatment effects in randomised clinical trials: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 368, l6802.

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Hamel C, Michaud A. Thuku M, Skidmore B, Stevens A, Nussbaumer-Streit N, Garritty C (2021)
Defining Rapid Reviews: a systematic scoping review and thematic analysis of definitions and defining characteristics of rapid reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 129:74-85.

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Pérez-Gaxiola G, Verdugo-Paiva F, Rada G, Flórez ID (2021)
Assessment of Duplicate Evidence in Systematic Reviews of Imaging Findings of Children With COVID-19. JAMA Network Open 4(1):e2032690.

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D'Aquila RT, Hughes MD, Johnson VA, Fischl MA, Sommadossi JP, Liou SH, Timpone J, Myers M, Basgoz N, Niu M, Hirsch MS (2021)
Nevirapine, zidovudine, and didanosine compared with zidovudine and didanosine in patients with HIV-1 infection. A randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled trial. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 241 Investigators. Annals of Internal Medicine 124:1019-1030.

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McLennan S, Nussbaumer-Streit B, Hemkens LG, Briel M (2021)
Barriers and Facilitating Factors for Conducting Systematic Evidence Assessments in Academic Clinical Trials. JAMA Network Open. 4(11):e2136577. url: doi/org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36577

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Langendam MW, Magnuson K, Williams AR, Walker VR, Howdeshell KL, Rooney AA Hooijmans CR (2021)
Developing a database of systematic reviews of animal studies. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology Vol 123 (2021) 104940.

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Menon JML, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Pound P, van Oort E (2021)
The impact of conducting preclinical systematic reviews on researchers and their research: A mixed method case study. PLoS ONE 16(12): e0260619. ttps://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0260619.

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Dirven H, Vist GE, Bandhakavi S, Mehta J, Fitch SE, Pound P, Ram R, Kincaid B, Leenaars CHC, Chen M, Wright RA, Tsaioun K (2021)
Performance of preclinical models in predicting drug-induced liver injury in humans: a systematic review. Sci Rep 11:6403. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85708-2.

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Hahn RA, Teutsch SM (2021)
Saving lives by modifying the process of science: Estimated historical mortality associated with the failure to conduct routine prospective cumulative systematic reviews. American Journal of Biomed Science and Research 14(6):531-534.

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Bradley VC, Kuriwaki S, Isakov M, Sejdinovic D, Meng X, Flaxman S (2021)
Unrepresentative big surveys significantly overestimated US vaccine uptake. Nature 600, 695–700. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04198-4.

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Coleman E, Arundel C, Clark L, Doherty L, Gillies K, Hewitt C, Innes K, Parker A, Torgerson D, Treweek S (2021)
Bah humbug! Association between sending Christmas cards to trial participants and trial retention: randomised study within a trial conducted simultaneously across eight host trials. BMJ 375, e067742. https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj-2021-067742.long

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Nørgaard B, Draborg E, Andreasen J, Juhl CB, Yost J, Brunnhuber K, Robinson KA, Lund H (2022)
Systematic reviews are rarely used to inform study design - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 145: 1-13.

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Faltinsen E, Todorovac A, Staxen Bruun L, Hróbjartsson A, Gluud C, Kongerslev MT, Simonsen E, Storebø OJ (2022)
Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4(4):MR000050.

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Andreasen J, Nørgaard B, Juhl CB, Yost J, Brunnhuber K, Robinson KA, Lund H (2022)
Systematic reviews are rarely used to contextualise new results-a systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-research studies. Systematic Reviews 11(1) 189.

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Laursen DRT, Nejstgaard CH, Bjørkedal E, Frost AD, Hansen MR, Paludan-Müller AS, Prosenz J, Werner CP, Hróbjartsson A. (2023)
Impact of active placebo controls on estimated drug effects in randomised trials: a systematic review of trials with both active placebo and standard placebo. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3(3):MR000055.

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Schoeler T, Speed D, Porcu E, Pirastu N, Pingault JB, Kutalik Z (2023)
Participation bias in the UK Biobank distorts genetic associations and downstream analyses. Nat Hum Behav. 2023 Jul;7(7):1216-1227. doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01579-9.

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Chesire F, Mugisha M, Ssenyonga R, Rose CJ, Nsangi A, Kaseje M, Sewankambo NK, Oxman M, Rosenbaum SE, Moberg J, Dahlgren A, Lewin S, Oxman AD (2023)
Effects of the Informed Health Choices secondary school intervention: A prospective meta-analysis. Journal of Evidence Based Medicine 16, 321-331. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jebm.12552

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Glasziou P, Jones M, Clarke M (2024)
Setting new research in the context of previous research: some options. BMJ Evidence Based Medicine. 29(1):44-46

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Turner KM, Huntley A, Yardley T, Dawson S, Dawson S (2024)
Defining usual care comparators when designing pragmatic trials of complex health interventions: a methodology review. Trials 25, 117. https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-024-07956-7

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Toews I, Anglemyer A, Nyirenda JL, Alsaid D, Balduzzi S, Grummich K, Schwingshackl L, Bero L (2024)
Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials: a meta-epidemiological study. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1), MR000034. www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.MR000034.pub3/full

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Showell MG, Cole S, Clarke MJ, DeVito NJ, Farquhar C, Jordan V (2024)
Time to publication for results of clinical trials. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): MR000011

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Clarke M (2015).
History of evidence synthesis to assess treatment effects: personal reflections on something that is very much alive. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Wager E (2015).
Good Publication Practice 3: reflections on becoming a guideline grandmother. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Altman DG†, Simera I (2015).
A history of the evolution of guidelines for reporting medical research: the long road to the EQUATOR Network. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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