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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care
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Cobb LA, Thomas GI, Dillard DH, Merendino KA, Bruce RA (1959)
An Evaluation of Internal-Mammary-Artery Ligation by a Double-Blind Technic. New England Journal of Medicine 260:1115-1118.
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Key passage(s)
RELEVANT TOPICS
Allocation bias
Observer bias
Key articles
Wartolowska K, Beard DJ, Carr AJ (2017).
The use of placebos in controlled trials of surgical interventions: a brief history.
All topics
Fair tests of treatments
The need to address treatment uncertainties
Treatment comparisons are essential
Placebo effects
Treatment comparisons must be fair
Biases
Design bias
Allocation bias
N-of-1 crossover
Cluster allocation
Crossover tests
Factorial design
Co-intervention bias
Observer bias
Double dummy
Analysis bias
Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
Reporting bias
Biases in systematic reviews
Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
The play of chance
Recording and interpreting numbers
Quantifying uncertainty
Using meta-analysis
Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
Improving reports of research
Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
Using the results of research
