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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care
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Liebermeister C (1877).
Ueber Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung in Anwending auf therapeutishe Statistik [On the calculus of probabilities applied to therapeutic statistics]. In: Volkmann R (ed), Sammklung Klinischer Vortrȁge, Innere Medicin, No 39, pp 935-962.
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Key passage(s)
Portrait(s)
Carl von Liebermeister (1833-1901)
RELEVANT TOPICS
The play of chance
Recording and interpreting numbers
Quantifying uncertainty
All topics
Fair tests of treatments
The need to address treatment uncertainties
Principles of Testing
Treatment comparisons are essential
Placebo effects
Dramatic effects
Treatment comparisons must be fair
Biases
Design bias
Allocation bias
N-of-1 crossover
Cluster allocation
Factorial design
Crossover tests
Co-intervention bias
Observer bias
Double dummy
Analysis bias
Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
Reporting bias
Biases in systematic reviews
Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
The play of chance
Recording and interpreting numbers
Quantifying uncertainty
Using meta-analysis
Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
Improving reports of research
Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
Using the results of research
