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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care
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ADDITIONAL METHODS - DRAMATIC EFFECTS
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Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (1550 BCE)
Case 25. Instruction for a dislocation of his mandible. (Original in the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine. Facsimile in Breasted JH (1930)). Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, IX 2-6. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.
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de Fontaney F (1703)
Letter to F de la Chaise, from Cheu-Chan (a port in the Province of ‘Chekian’), dated 15 February. In: Lettres Édifiantes Et Curieuses, Écrites Des Missions Étrangères Par Quelques Missionnaires De La Compagnie De Jesus [Edifying and curious letters, written from the foreign missions by some missionaries of the Company of Jesus]. 34 vols. Paris: Chez Nicolas le Clerc, rue Saint Jacques, à l’Image Saint Lambert, 1703-1776. Vol. 7 (1707): pp. 234-244.
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Stone E (1764)
An account of the success of the bark of the willow in the cure of agues. Philosophical Transactions 53:195-200.
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Jenner E (1798)
An enquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae. London: S Low.
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Cooper A (1801)
Farther observations on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the ear; with an account of the operation for the removal of a particular species of deafness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Part 1:435-451.
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Jenner E (1801)
The origin of the vaccine inoculation. Printed by DN Shury, Berwick Street, Soho.
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Pearson G, Nihell L, Nelson T, Keate T, Forster T, Carpue JC, Doratt J, Rivers F, Brand EA, de Bruyn P, Heaviside J, Payne T, Sancho W (1805)
Original Vaccine Pock Institution. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 1:513-515.
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Cuming R (1805)
On the use of aqua frigida in scalds, in epidemic ophthalmia, and the effects of cold on the human body. Medical and Physical Journal. 14:239-241.
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Simpson JY (1847)
Account of a new anesthetic agent. Edinburgh.
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McShane C (1856)
Medical Statistical Returns of the African Station. In: Statistical Report of the Health of the Royal Navy for the year 1856. London: House of Commons, pp 82-83.
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Liebreich O (1869)
Das Chloral, ein neues Hypnoticum und Anaesthetikum [Chloral, a new hypnotic and anaesthetic]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 6:325-327.
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Lister J (1870)
Effects of the antiseptic system of treatment upon the salubrity of a surgical hospital. Lancet 1:4-6 and 40-42.
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Maclagan T (1876)
The treatment of acute rheumatism by salicin. Lancet 1:383-84.
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O’Dwyer J (1887)
Fifty cases of croup in private practice treated by intubation of the larynx, with a description of the method and of the dangers incident thereto. Medical Record 32:557-561.
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Murray GR (1891)
Note on the treatment of myxoedema by hypodermic injections of an extract of the thyroid gland of a sheep. BMJ 2:796-797.
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Bettencourt R, Serrano J-A (1891)
Un cas de myxœdème (cachexie pachydermique) traité par la greffe hypodermique du corps thyroïde d’un mouton. [A case of myxœdema (pachydermous cachexia) treated with hypodermic transplant of sheep thyroid gland]. Compte rendu de la 19eme session de l‘Association française our l’avancement des sciences, Limoges, 1890, pp 683-690.
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Behring EA, Boer NN, Kossel H (1893)
Zur Behandlung diphtheriekranker Menschen mit Diphtherieheilserum [On the treatment of diphtheria patients with curative diphtheria serum]. Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift 17:389-39.
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Finsen NR (1896)
Om Anvendelse I Medicinen af koncentrerede kemiske Lysstraaler. [On the application in medicine of concentrated chemical rays of light]. Kjøbenhavn: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag.
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Gorgas WC (1902)
Mosquito work in Havana. New York: William Wood and Company.
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Alt K (1909)
Behandlungsversuche mit Arsenophenylglyzin bei Paralytikern [Treatment experiments with arsenophenylglycine in paralytics]. Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 56:1457-1459.
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Wechselmann W (1910)
Über die Behandlung der Syphilis mit Dioxydiamido-arseno-benzol [On the treatment of syphilis with dioxy-diamido-arseno-benzol]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 47:1261-1264.
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McDonagh JER (1912)
Salvarsan in syphilis and allied diseases. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications.
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De Quervain JF (1913)
Die Behandlung der akute Appendicitis auf Grund einer schweizerischen Sammelstatistik [The treatment of acute appendicitis on the basis of aggregated Swiss hospital statistics]. Correspondenzblatt für Schweizer Aerzte 43:1609-1624.
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Marine D, Kimball OP (1920)
The prevention of simple goiter in man: fourth paper. Archives of Internal Medicine 25:661-72.
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Chick H, Dalyell EJ (1921)
Observations on the influence of foods in stimulating development in backward children. BMJ 2:1061-1066.
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Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campell WR, Fletcher AA (1922)
Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Canadian Medical Association Journal 12: 141 - 146.
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Goldberger J, Waring CH, Tanner WF (1923)
Pellagra prevention by diet among inmates. Public Health Reports 38:2361-2368.
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Minot GR, Murphy WP (1926)
Treatment of pernicious anaemia by a special diet. JAMA 87:470-476.
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Maier HW (1926)
L’ergotamine, inhibiteur du sympathique étudié en clinique, comme moyen d’exploration et comme agent thérapeutique. Revue Neurologique. 1:1104 (June).
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Lewis T (1930)
Angina pectoris associated with high blood pressure and its relief by amyl nitrate. Heart 14:305-327.
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Walker MB (1934)
Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine. Lancet 1:1200-1201.
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Lennox WG, Von Storch TJC (1935)
Experiences with ergotamine tartrate in 120 patients with migraine. JAMA 105:169-171.
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Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936)
Treatment with prontosil of puerperal infections due to haemolytic streptococci. Lancet 2:1319-1322.
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Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936)
Treatment of human puerperal infections, and of experimental infections in mice, with prontosil. Lancet 1:1279-1286.
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O’Sullivan ME (1936)
Termination of 1000 attacks of migraine with ergotamine tartrate. JAMA 107:1208-1212.
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Colebrook L, Purdie AW (1937)
Treatment of 106 cases of puerperal fever by sulphanilamide. Lancet 2:1237-1242 & 1291-1294.
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Bowie FJ (1938)
Chemotherapy in gonorrhoea: a preliminary report on the use of 2-(p-aminobenzenesulphonamido)pyridine, M & B 693. BMJ 2:283-284.
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Banks HS (1939)
Chemotherapy of meningococcal meningitis. Lancet 2:921-927.
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Abraham EP, Chain E, Fletcher CM, Gardner AD, Heatley NG, Jennings AM, Florey HW (1941)
Further observations on penicillin. Lancet 2:177-189.
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Pulvertaft RJPV (1943)
Local therapy of war wounds: I with Penicillin (article 1 of 2). Lancet 2:341-36 and 379-384
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Florey ME, Florey HW (1943)
General and local administration of penicillin. Lancet 1:387.
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Blalock A, Taussig HB (1945)
The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart: In which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia. JAMA 128:189-202.
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Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman A and McLennan MT (1946)
Nitrogen mustard therapy. Use of methyl-bis(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride and tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. Journal of the American Medical Association 132:126-132.
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Christie RV (1946)
Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Lancet 1:369.
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Medical Research Council (1948)
Streptomycin treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Lancet 1:582-596.
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Merk R (1948)
Die Stickstoffsenfgasbehandlung der Lymphogranulomatose [Nitrogen Mustard Treatment of Lymphogranulomatosis]. Medizinische Klinik 43:629-35.
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Farber S, Diamond LK, Mercer RD, Sylvester RF, Wolff JA (1948)
Temporary remissions in acute leukaemia in children produced by folic acide antagonist, 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid (aminopterin). New England Journal of Medicine 238:787-793.
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Christie RV (1948)
Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. BMJ 1:1-4.
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Appelbaum E, Nelson J, Albin MB (1949)
The treatment of penumococcic meningitis with penicillin; a study of 125 consecutive cases, with 73% recovery. American Journal of Medicial Science 218:260-4.
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Baker C, Brock RC, Campbell M (1950)
Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; report of six successful cases. BMJ 1:1283–1293.
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Baker C, Brock RC, Campbell M, Wood P (1952)
Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; a further report on 100 cases. BMJ 1:1043–1055.
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Bickel H, Gerrard J, Hickmans EM. (1953)
Influence of phenylalanine intake on phenylketonuria. Lancet 265:812-813.
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McBride WG (1961)
Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 2:1358.
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Bross ID (1966)
Spurious effects from an extraneous variable. Journal of Chronic Diseases 19:637-47.
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Pennington E, Pennington S (1991)
Modifying chickenpox. BMJ 303:1614.
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Ellis J, Mulligan I, Rowe J, Sackett DL (1995)
Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. Lancet 346:407-410.
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Alsbirk PH (2004)
Strategy for decentralized prevention of angle closure glaucoma in Greenland. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2004;63 Suppl 2;315-319.
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Glasziou P, Chalmers I, Rawlins M, McCulloch P (2007)
When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise. BMJ 334: 349-351.
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Chalmers I (2017)
The evolution of fair tests of treatments over two millennia: a 23 minute audio commentary. Edited by Hamish Chalmers, using unbroadcast recordings made by Freakonomics Radio, with permission.
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Janiaud P, Serghiou S, Ioannidis JPA (2019)
New clinical trial designs in the era of precision medicine: An overview of definitions, strengths, weaknesses, and current use in oncology. Cancer Treatment Reviews 73:20-30.
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Lechuga RI, Castro AC (2016).
Dramatic effects of control measures on deaths from yellow fever in Havana, Cuba, in the early 1900’s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Treasure T (2016).
Documenting the dramatic effects of operative treatment of mitral stenosis. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Treasure T (2017).
Turning blue babies pink: Alfred Blalock’s shunt for Fallot’s Tetralogy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Marson Smith P, Colquhoun D, Chalmers I (2019).
John Henry Gaddum’s 1940 guidance on controlled clinical trials JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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methods
Principles of testing
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N-of-1 crossover
Crossover tests
Cluster allocation
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Double dummy
Placebo effects