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James Lind LibraryThe James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Lewis S, Clarke M (2001)

Forest plots: trying to see the wood and the trees. BMJ 322:1479-80.

Key passage(s)

Lewis_&_Clarke_2001_wa_intro

Lewis&Clarke-2001-kp2

Whole article

Download the full article as a PDF

Lewis S, Clarke M (2001). Forest plots: trying to see the wood and the trees. BMJ 322:1479-80.

Acknowledgements

The editors are grateful to:

BMJ for allowing the James Lind Library to link to this and other BMJ articles of historical relevance (email to Iain Chalmers from Fiona Godlee, 05 May 2015).

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • Using meta-analysis
  • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews

Key articles

  • Clarke M (2015).
    History of evidence synthesis to assess treatment effects: personal reflections on something that is very much alive.

All topics

  • Individual patient data
  • Pre-clinical
  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Dramatic effects
      • Placebo effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Crossover tests
      • Factorial design
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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