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12 RECORDS
100 ARTICLES
33 ESSAYS
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Heiberg P (1897)
Studier over den statistiske undersøgelsesmetode som hjælpemiddel ved terapeutiske undersøgelser [Studies on the statistical study design as an aid in therapeutic trials]. Bibliotek for Læger 89:1-40.

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Finney DJ (1965)
The design and logic of a monitor of drug use. Journal of Chronic Diseases 18:77-98.

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de Fontaney F (1703)
Letter to F de la Chaise, from Cheu-Chan (a port in the Province of ‘Chekian’), dated 15 February. In: Lettres Édifiantes Et Curieuses, Écrites Des Missions Étrangères Par Quelques Missionnaires De La Compagnie De Jesus [Edifying and curious letters, written from the foreign missions by some missionaries of the Company of Jesus]. 34 vols. Paris: Chez Nicolas le Clerc, rue Saint Jacques, à l’Image Saint Lambert, 1703-1776. Vol. 7 (1707): pp. 234-244.

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Sackett DL (2015)
Sackett DL. Interview in 2014 and 2015. Brian Haynes, ed. McMaster University.

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Iversen P (1930)
Nogle bemærkninger om komplikationerne til parotitis epidemica og forsøg paa behandling med rekonvalescentserum [Treatment of complications of epidemic mumps with the serum of convalescents]. Ugeskrift for Læger 92:167-169.

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Martini P (1932)
Methodenlehre der Therapeutischen Untersuchung [Methodological principles for therapeutic investigations]. Berlin: Springer.

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Merk R (1948)
Die Stickstoffsenfgasbehandlung der Lymphogranulomatose [Nitrogen Mustard Treatment of Lymphogranulomatosis]. Medizinische Klinik 43:629-35.

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al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th century AH)
Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine].

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Lewis S (1925)
Arrowsmith. New York: Collier.

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Ibn Sīnā (c.1012 CE; c.402 AH)
Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb [Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine].

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al-Razi (10th century CE)
Shukuk ala Jalinus. [Doubts about Galen]

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al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th century AH)
Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine]. As cited in Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿah. ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ [The best accounts of the classes of physicians]. Available in MüIler A, ed. A thirteenth-century history of physicians. 2 vols. Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿah al-Wahbiyyah / Königsberg: Selbstverlag, 1882–4. Vol I, p 314 (five lines from bottom).

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Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Glasziou P (2025).
Promoting informed health choices: the long and winding road. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Tröhler U (2020)
Probabilistic thinking and the evaluation of therapies, 1700-1900. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Mirza RD, Punja S, Vohra S, Guyatt G (2017).
The history and development of N of 1 trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Donaldson IML (2016).
Reflections on translating passages on ‘empirical’ and ‘dogmatic’ medicine in Celsus’s De medicina. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Petrosino A (2006).
Charles Frederick [Fred] Mosteller (1916-2006). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Chalmers I (2013).
UK Medical Research Council and multicentre clinical trials: from a damning report to international recognition. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Slater SD (2010).
The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Zwarenstein M (2016).
‘Pragmatic’ and ‘Explanatory’ attitudes to randomized trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Wartolowska K, Beard DJ, Carr AJ (2017).
The use of placebos in controlled trials of surgical interventions: a brief history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Cox DR (2009).
Randomization for concealment. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Birbeck E (2011).
The Royal Hospital Haslar: from Lind to the 21st century. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Altman DG†, Simera I (2015).
A history of the evolution of guidelines for reporting medical research: the long road to the EQUATOR Network. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Welsh BC, Podolsky SH, Zane SN (2020).
Between medicine and criminology: Richard Cabot’s contribution to the design of experimental evaluations of social interventions in the late 1930s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Glasziou P, Aronson JK (2017).
A brief history of clinical evidence updates and bibliographic databases JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Glasziou P, Matthews R, Boutron I, Chalmers I, Armitage P† (2023).
The differences and overlaps between ‘explanatory’ and ‘pragmatic’ controlled trials: a historical perspective. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Senn S (2024).
An Early 20th Century Handbook on ‘Meta-analysis’: David Brunt’s The Combination of Observations. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Stylianou C, Kelnar C (2008).
The introduction of successful treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Fox DM (2011).
Systematic reviews and health policy: the influence of a project on perinatal care since 1988. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Wickenden JVS (2011).
The strange disappearances of James Lind. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Chalmers I (2006).
Archie Cochrane (1909-1988). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Farewell V, Johnson A† (2010).
The first British textbook of medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Grimes DA (2007).
Discovering the need for randomized controlled trials in obstetrics: a personal odyssey. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Cochrane AL, Blythe M (2004).
Sickness in Salonica. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Löwy I (2010).
Martin Arrowsmith’s clinical trial: scientific precision and heroic medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Nasser M, Tibi A (2006).
Ibn Hindu and the science of medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Stjernswärd J (2013)
Personal reflections on contributions to pain relief, palliative care and global cancer control JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Clarke M, Chalmers I, Alderson P, Hopewell S (2024).
Reports of randomised control trials (RCTs) should begin and conclude with up-to-date systematic reviews of other relevant trials: a 25-year audit of the quality of trial reports. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Lund H, Robinson KA (2026).
History of Evidence-Based Research JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Farewell V, Johnson A† (2011).
The origins of Austin Bradford Hill’s classic textbook of medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Bastian H (2004).
Down and almost out in Scotland: George Orwell, tuberculosis and getting streptomycin in 1948. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Scadding JW (2017).
John Guyett Scadding’s scepticism and pragmatism in addressing treatment uncertainties in clinical practice. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Moberg J, Kramer M (2015).
A brief history of the cluster randomized trial design. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Podolsky SH (2022).
The (Harry) Gold Standard: angina, suggestion, and the path to the “double-blind” test and Clinical Pharmacology. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Pound P (2022).
The role of systematic reviews in identifying the limitations of preclinical animal research, 2000 – 2022. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Held L, Matthews RAJ (2022).
Paradigm lost: Carl Liebermeister and the development of modern medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Senn SJ, Chalmers I (2021).
Giving and taking: ethical treatment assignment in controlled trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Nylenna, M (2023).
Paul Owren, Christopher Bjerkelund and the dawn of controlled trials in Norway. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Peto R (2016).
Reflections on the design and analysis of clinical trials and meta-analyses in the 1970s and 1980s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Donaldson IML (2016).
van Helmont’s proposal for a randomised comparison of treating fevers with or without bloodletting and purging. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Wager E (2015).
Good Publication Practice 3: reflections on becoming a guideline grandmother. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Clarke M (2015).
History of evidence synthesis to assess treatment effects: personal reflections on something that is very much alive. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Straus S, Eisinga A, Sackett D† (2015).
What drove the Evidence Cart? Bringing the library to the bedside. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Chalmers J, Chalmers I, Tröhler U (2017).
Helping physicians to keep abreast of the medical literature: Andrew Duncan and Medical and Philosophical Commentaries, 1773-1795. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Passmore R† (2001).
William Cullen (1710-1790). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Tröhler U (2010).
The introduction of numerical methods to assess the effects of medical interventions during the 18th century: a brief history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Silverman WA†, Chalmers I (2002).
Casting and drawing lots: a time-honoured way of dealing with uncertainty and for ensuring fairness. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Scadding JG (2002).
Reflections on my studies of the effects of sulphonamide drugs in bacillary dysentery in Egypt, 1943-1944. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Silverman WA† (2003).
Personal reflections on lessons learned from randomized trials involving newborn infants, 1951 to 1967. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Lee MR (2005).
William Withering (1741-1799), a biographical sketch of a Birmingham Lunatic. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Bastian H (2007).
Lucy Wills (1888-1964), the life and research of an adventurous independent woman. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Crofton J† (2005).
Marc Daniels (1907-1953), a pioneer in establishing standards for clinical trial methods and reporting. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Tsiompanou E, Marketos SG† (2012).
Hippocrates: timeless still. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2006).
Jesse GM Bullowa (1879-1943). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Agnew RAL (2008).
John Forbes FRS (1787-1861). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Tröhler U (2003).
Charles MacLean (c.1766-1824). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Farewell V, Johnson A† (2010).
Hilda Woods (1892-1971). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Bryder L (2010).
The Medical Research Council and clinical trial methodologies before the 1940s: the failure to develop a ‘scientific’ approach. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Tröhler U (2010).
Johann Friedrich de Quervain (1868-1940). Swiss surgical innovator. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Klingberg MA (2010).
An epidemiologist’s journey from typhus to thalidomide, and from the Soviet Union to Seveso. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Ferroni E, Jefferson T, Gachelin G (2011).
Angelo Celli and research on the prevention of malaria in Italy a century ago. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Chalmers I, Dukan E, Podolsky SH, Davey Smith G (2011).
The advent of fair treatment allocation schedules in clinical trials during the 19th and early 20th centuries. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Boylston AW (2012).
The origins of inoculation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Pollock JI (2003).
Clifford Wilson (1906-1997) and Martin Pollock (1914-1999). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Volmink J (2005).
The willow as a Hottentot (Khoikhoi) remedy for rheumatic fever. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Gøtzsche PC (2004).
Niels Finsen’s treatment for lupus vulgaris. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Vessey MP (2006).
Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Sidebottom E (2012).
Roger Bacon and the beginnings of experimental science in Britain. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Matthews RAJ (2025).
The problematic history of randomised controlled trials Part 3: Mainland, Hill and the future of RCTs. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Yu X, Chen Y, Podolsky S (2025).
The History of Controlled Clinical Trials in China. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Loudon I (2002).
The use of historical controls and concurrent controls to assess the effects of sulphonamides, 1936-1945. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Sackett DL† (2008).
A 1955 clinical trial report that changed my career. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Rennie D, Chalmers I (2009).
Exposing the dangers to patients of medical reviews and textbooks that ignore scientific principles. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Marks HM† (2006).
The Kendrick-Eldering-(Frost) pertussis vaccine field trial. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Chalmers I (2010).
Why the 1948 MRC trial of streptomycin used treatment allocation based on random numbers. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Jenicek M (2006).
Méta-analyse en médecine: the first book on systematic reviews in medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Hytten F (2009).
Isabella Leitch’s contributions to the development of systematic reviews of research evidence. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Davey Smith G (2006).
Capitalising on Mendelian randomization to assess the effects of treatments. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Stjernswärd J (2009)
Meta-analysis as a manifestation of ‘bondförnuft’ (‘peasant sense’). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Chalmers I (2010).
Joseph Asbury Bell and the birth of randomized trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Nasser M, Tibi A, Savage-Smith E (2007).
Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine: 11th century rules for assessing the effects of drugs. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Huth EJ (2006).
Jules Gavarret’s Principes Généraux de Statistique Médicale: a pioneering text on the statistical analysis of the results of treatments. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Tröhler U (2003).
James Lind at Haslar Hospital 1758-1774: a methodological theorist. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Marušić A, Fatović-Ferenčić S (2012).
Adoption of the double dummy trial design to reduce observer bias in testing treatments. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Donaldson IML (2016).
Petrarch’s letter to Boccaccio ‘on the proud and presumptuous behaviour of physicians’. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Boylston AW (2012).
John Haygarth’s 18th century ‘Rules of Prevention’ for eradicating smallpox. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Glasziou PP, Tikkinen KAO (2021).
The RECOVERY trial platform: a milestone in the development and execution of treatment evaluation during an epidemic. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Sugiyama Y, Seita A (2013).
Kanehiro Takaki and the control of beriberi in the Japanese Navy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Haynes RB (2016).
Improving reports of research by more informative abstracts: a personal reflection JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Altman DG† (2017).
Donald Mainland: anatomist, educator, thinker, medical statistician, trialist, rheumatologist. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Treasure T (2017).
Turning blue babies pink: Alfred Blalock’s shunt for Fallot’s Tetralogy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Johnson A† (2019).
Textbooks and other publications on controlled clinical trials, 1948 to 1983. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Chalmers I (2019).
Doug Altman’s prescience in recognizing the need to reduce biases before tackling imprecision in Systematic Reviews. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Bishop D, Gill E (2019).
Robert Boyle on the importance of reporting and replicating experiments. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Lee A (2022).
The development of network meta-analysis. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Howick J (2016).
Aulus Cornelius Celsus and ‘empirical’ and ‘dogmatic’ medicine JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Chalmers I, Matthews R, Glasziou P, Boutron I, Armitage P† (2023).
Analysis of clinical trial by Treatment Allocated or by Treatment Received? Applying ‘the intention-to-treat principle’. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Gachelin G, Garner P, Ferroni E, Tröhler U, Chalmers I (2016).
Evaluating Cinchona bark and quinine for treating and preventing malaria. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Donaldson IML (2016).
Antoine de Lavoisier’s role in designing a single-blind trial to assess whether ‘Animal Magnetism’ exists. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Pormann PE (2013).
Qualifying and quantifying medical uncertainty in 10th century Baghdad: Abu Bakr al-Razi. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Ramanna M (2014).
Nasarwanji Hormusji Choksy (1861-1939), a pioneer of controlled clinical trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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1.0 Introduction to JLL Explanatory Essays

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1.1 Assumptions that treatments are safe or effective can be misleading

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1.2 Seemingly logical assumptions about research can be misleading

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1.2 Why treatment comparisons are essential

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1.3 Seemingly logical assumptions about treatments can be misleading

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1.4 Trust based on the source of a claim alone can be misleading

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2.1 Comparisons of treatments should be fair

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2.1 Why comparisons must address genuine uncertainties

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2.2 Reviews of the effects of treatments should be fair

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2.2 The need to compare like-with-like in treatment comparisons

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2.9 Recognizing researcher/sponsor biases and fraud

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3.1 Evidence should be relevant

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3.1 Recording and interpreting numbers in testing treatments

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3.2 Expected advantages should outweigh expected disadvantages

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3.2 Quantifying uncertainty in treatment comparisons

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3.3 Reducing the play of chance using meta-analysis

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4 Teaching children to think critically about claims, comparisons, and choices

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4.2 Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews of all the relevant evidence

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4.3 Using the results of research

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Building the Library

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Key Concepts for Informed Health Choices: Introduction to the Informed Health Choices Essays

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Por que as comparações devem tratar de dúvidas legítimas?

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Por qué las comparaciones deben abordar una incertidumbre genuina

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Pourquoi les comparaisons doivent-elles tenir compte des incertitudes véritables

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Revisiones sistemáticas de toda la evidencia pertinente

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Revisões sistemáticas das evidências relevantes

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Revue systématique de tous les éléments de preuve pertinents

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Почему при проведении сравнений необходимо учитывать внутренние неопределенности

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Систематические анализы всех соответствующих фактических данных

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المراجعات المنهجية لجميع البيِّنات ذات الصلة

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لماذا ينبغي تناول المقارنات للشكوك الحقيقية؟

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为什么对照必须解决真正的不确定性

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对所有相关证据的系统评价

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Donald Mainland: a fresh perspective on his contribution to medical statistics

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Iain Chalmers: a bibliography

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Patients Have Always Shaped Research. It’s Time We Told That Story.

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Why Treatment Comparisons Are Essential

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James Lind LibraryIllustrating the development of fair tests of treatments through history

Search results for “”

SORT author date relevance

12 RECORDS

100 ARTICLES

33 ESSAYS

4 BLOGS

Heiberg P (1897) Studier over den statistiske undersøgelsesmetode som hjælpemiddel ved terapeutiske undersøgelser [Studies on the statistical study design as an aid in therapeutic trials]. Bibliotek for Læger 89:1-40.

Finney DJ (1965) The design and logic of a monitor of drug use. Journal of Chronic Diseases 18:77-98.

Sackett DL (2015) Sackett DL. Interview in 2014 and 2015. Brian Haynes, ed. McMaster University.

Iversen P (1930) Nogle bemærkninger om komplikationerne til parotitis epidemica og forsøg paa behandling med rekonvalescentserum [Treatment of complications of epidemic mumps with the serum of convalescents]. Ugeskrift for Læger 92:167-169.

Martini P (1932) Methodenlehre der Therapeutischen Untersuchung [Methodological principles for therapeutic investigations]. Berlin: Springer.

Merk R (1948) Die Stickstoffsenfgasbehandlung der Lymphogranulomatose [Nitrogen Mustard Treatment of Lymphogranulomatosis]. Medizinische Klinik 43:629-35.

al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th century AH) Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine].

Lewis S (1925) Arrowsmith. New York: Collier.

Ibn Sīnā (c.1012 CE; c.402 AH) Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb [Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine].

al-Razi (10th century CE) Shukuk ala Jalinus. [Doubts about Galen]

Show ALL ARTICLES Brief histories Commentaries Biographies Personal reflections Doctoral theses

Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Glasziou P (2025).Promoting informed health choices: the long and winding road. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tröhler U (2020)Probabilistic thinking and the evaluation of therapies, 1700-1900. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Mirza RD, Punja S, Vohra S, Guyatt G (2017).The history and development of N of 1 trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Donaldson IML (2016).Reflections on translating passages on ‘empirical’ and ‘dogmatic’ medicine in Celsus’s De medicina. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Petrosino A (2006).Charles Frederick [Fred] Mosteller (1916-2006). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Chalmers I (2013).UK Medical Research Council and multicentre clinical trials: from a damning report to international recognition. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Slater SD (2010).The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Zwarenstein M (2016).‘Pragmatic’ and ‘Explanatory’ attitudes to randomized trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Wartolowska K, Beard DJ, Carr AJ (2017).The use of placebos in controlled trials of surgical interventions: a brief history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Cox DR (2009).Randomization for concealment. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Birbeck E (2011).The Royal Hospital Haslar: from Lind to the 21st century. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Altman DG†, Simera I (2015).A history of the evolution of guidelines for reporting medical research: the long road to the EQUATOR Network. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Welsh BC, Podolsky SH, Zane SN (2020).Between medicine and criminology: Richard Cabot’s contribution to the design of experimental evaluations of social interventions in the late 1930s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Glasziou P, Aronson JK (2017).A brief history of clinical evidence updates and bibliographic databases JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Glasziou P, Matthews R, Boutron I, Chalmers I, Armitage P† (2023).The differences and overlaps between ‘explanatory’ and ‘pragmatic’ controlled trials: a historical perspective. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Senn S (2024).An Early 20th Century Handbook on ‘Meta-analysis’: David Brunt’s The Combination of Observations. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Stylianou C, Kelnar C (2008).The introduction of successful treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Fox DM (2011).Systematic reviews and health policy: the influence of a project on perinatal care since 1988. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Wickenden JVS (2011).The strange disappearances of James Lind. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Chalmers I (2006).Archie Cochrane (1909-1988). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Farewell V, Johnson A† (2010).The first British textbook of medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Grimes DA (2007).Discovering the need for randomized controlled trials in obstetrics: a personal odyssey. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Cochrane AL, Blythe M (2004).Sickness in Salonica. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Löwy I (2010).Martin Arrowsmith’s clinical trial: scientific precision and heroic medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Nasser M, Tibi A (2006).Ibn Hindu and the science of medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Stjernswärd J (2013)Personal reflections on contributions to pain relief, palliative care and global cancer control JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Clarke M, Chalmers I, Alderson P, Hopewell S (2024).Reports of randomised control trials (RCTs) should begin and conclude with up-to-date systematic reviews of other relevant trials: a 25-year audit of the quality of trial reports. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Lund H, Robinson KA (2026).History of Evidence-Based Research JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Farewell V, Johnson A† (2011).The origins of Austin Bradford Hill’s classic textbook of medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Bastian H (2004).Down and almost out in Scotland: George Orwell, tuberculosis and getting streptomycin in 1948. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Scadding JW (2017).John Guyett Scadding’s scepticism and pragmatism in addressing treatment uncertainties in clinical practice. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Moberg J, Kramer M (2015).A brief history of the cluster randomized trial design. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Podolsky SH (2022).The (Harry) Gold Standard: angina, suggestion, and the path to the “double-blind” test and Clinical Pharmacology. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Pound P (2022).The role of systematic reviews in identifying the limitations of preclinical animal research, 2000 – 2022. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Held L, Matthews RAJ (2022).Paradigm lost: Carl Liebermeister and the development of modern medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Senn SJ, Chalmers I (2021).Giving and taking: ethical treatment assignment in controlled trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Nylenna, M (2023).Paul Owren, Christopher Bjerkelund and the dawn of controlled trials in Norway. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Peto R (2016).Reflections on the design and analysis of clinical trials and meta-analyses in the 1970s and 1980s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Donaldson IML (2016).van Helmont’s proposal for a randomised comparison of treating fevers with or without bloodletting and purging. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Wager E (2015).Good Publication Practice 3: reflections on becoming a guideline grandmother. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Clarke M (2015).History of evidence synthesis to assess treatment effects: personal reflections on something that is very much alive. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Straus S, Eisinga A, Sackett D† (2015).What drove the Evidence Cart? Bringing the library to the bedside. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Chalmers J, Chalmers I, Tröhler U (2017).Helping physicians to keep abreast of the medical literature: Andrew Duncan and Medical and Philosophical Commentaries, 1773-1795. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Passmore R† (2001).William Cullen (1710-1790). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tröhler U (2010).The introduction of numerical methods to assess the effects of medical interventions during the 18th century: a brief history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Silverman WA†, Chalmers I (2002).Casting and drawing lots: a time-honoured way of dealing with uncertainty and for ensuring fairness. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Scadding JG (2002).Reflections on my studies of the effects of sulphonamide drugs in bacillary dysentery in Egypt, 1943-1944. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Silverman WA† (2003).Personal reflections on lessons learned from randomized trials involving newborn infants, 1951 to 1967. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Lee MR (2005).William Withering (1741-1799), a biographical sketch of a Birmingham Lunatic. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Bastian H (2007).Lucy Wills (1888-1964), the life and research of an adventurous independent woman. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Crofton J† (2005).Marc Daniels (1907-1953), a pioneer in establishing standards for clinical trial methods and reporting. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tsiompanou E, Marketos SG† (2012).Hippocrates: timeless still. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2006).Jesse GM Bullowa (1879-1943). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Agnew RAL (2008).John Forbes FRS (1787-1861). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tröhler U (2003).Charles MacLean (c.1766-1824). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Farewell V, Johnson A† (2010).Hilda Woods (1892-1971). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Bryder L (2010).The Medical Research Council and clinical trial methodologies before the 1940s: the failure to develop a ‘scientific’ approach. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tröhler U (2010).Johann Friedrich de Quervain (1868-1940). Swiss surgical innovator. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Klingberg MA (2010).An epidemiologist’s journey from typhus to thalidomide, and from the Soviet Union to Seveso. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Ferroni E, Jefferson T, Gachelin G (2011).Angelo Celli and research on the prevention of malaria in Italy a century ago. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Chalmers I, Dukan E, Podolsky SH, Davey Smith G (2011).The advent of fair treatment allocation schedules in clinical trials during the 19th and early 20th centuries. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Boylston AW (2012).The origins of inoculation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments through history

Heiberg P (1897)
Studier over den statistiske undersøgelsesmetode som hjælpemiddel ved terapeutiske undersøgelser [Studies on the statistical study design as an aid in therapeutic trials]. Bibliotek for Læger 89:1-40.

Finney DJ (1965)
The design and logic of a monitor of drug use. Journal of Chronic Diseases 18:77-98.

Sackett DL (2015)
Sackett DL. Interview in 2014 and 2015. Brian Haynes, ed. McMaster University.

Iversen P (1930)
Nogle bemærkninger om komplikationerne til parotitis epidemica og forsøg paa behandling med rekonvalescentserum [Treatment of complications of epidemic mumps with the serum of convalescents]. Ugeskrift for Læger 92:167-169.

Martini P (1932)
Methodenlehre der Therapeutischen Untersuchung [Methodological principles for therapeutic investigations]. Berlin: Springer.

Merk R (1948)
Die Stickstoffsenfgasbehandlung der Lymphogranulomatose [Nitrogen Mustard Treatment of Lymphogranulomatosis]. Medizinische Klinik 43:629-35.

al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th century AH)
Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine].

Lewis S (1925)
Arrowsmith. New York: Collier.

Ibn Sīnā (c.1012 CE; c.402 AH)
Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb [Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine].

al-Razi (10th century CE)
Shukuk ala Jalinus. [Doubts about Galen]

Show

Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Glasziou P (2025).
Promoting informed health choices: the long and winding road. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tröhler U (2020)
Probabilistic thinking and the evaluation of therapies, 1700-1900. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Mirza RD, Punja S, Vohra S, Guyatt G (2017).
The history and development of N of 1 trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Donaldson IML (2016).
Reflections on translating passages on ‘empirical’ and ‘dogmatic’ medicine in Celsus’s De medicina. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Petrosino A (2006).
Charles Frederick [Fred] Mosteller (1916-2006). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Chalmers I (2013).
UK Medical Research Council and multicentre clinical trials: from a damning report to international recognition. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Slater SD (2010).
The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Zwarenstein M (2016).
‘Pragmatic’ and ‘Explanatory’ attitudes to randomized trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Wartolowska K, Beard DJ, Carr AJ (2017).
The use of placebos in controlled trials of surgical interventions: a brief history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Cox DR (2009).
Randomization for concealment. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Birbeck E (2011).
The Royal Hospital Haslar: from Lind to the 21st century. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Altman DG†, Simera I (2015).
A history of the evolution of guidelines for reporting medical research: the long road to the EQUATOR Network. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Welsh BC, Podolsky SH, Zane SN (2020).
Between medicine and criminology: Richard Cabot’s contribution to the design of experimental evaluations of social interventions in the late 1930s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Glasziou P, Aronson JK (2017).
A brief history of clinical evidence updates and bibliographic databases JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Glasziou P, Matthews R, Boutron I, Chalmers I, Armitage P† (2023).
The differences and overlaps between ‘explanatory’ and ‘pragmatic’ controlled trials: a historical perspective. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Senn S (2024).
An Early 20th Century Handbook on ‘Meta-analysis’: David Brunt’s The Combination of Observations. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Stylianou C, Kelnar C (2008).
The introduction of successful treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Fox DM (2011).
Systematic reviews and health policy: the influence of a project on perinatal care since 1988. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Wickenden JVS (2011).
The strange disappearances of James Lind. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Chalmers I (2006).
Archie Cochrane (1909-1988). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Farewell V, Johnson A† (2010).
The first British textbook of medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Grimes DA (2007).
Discovering the need for randomized controlled trials in obstetrics: a personal odyssey. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Cochrane AL, Blythe M (2004).
Sickness in Salonica. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Löwy I (2010).
Martin Arrowsmith’s clinical trial: scientific precision and heroic medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Nasser M, Tibi A (2006).
Ibn Hindu and the science of medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Stjernswärd J (2013)
Personal reflections on contributions to pain relief, palliative care and global cancer control JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Clarke M, Chalmers I, Alderson P, Hopewell S (2024).
Reports of randomised control trials (RCTs) should begin and conclude with up-to-date systematic reviews of other relevant trials: a 25-year audit of the quality of trial reports. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Lund H, Robinson KA (2026).
History of Evidence-Based Research JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Farewell V, Johnson A† (2011).
The origins of Austin Bradford Hill’s classic textbook of medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Bastian H (2004).
Down and almost out in Scotland: George Orwell, tuberculosis and getting streptomycin in 1948. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Scadding JW (2017).
John Guyett Scadding’s scepticism and pragmatism in addressing treatment uncertainties in clinical practice. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Moberg J, Kramer M (2015).
A brief history of the cluster randomized trial design. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Podolsky SH (2022).
The (Harry) Gold Standard: angina, suggestion, and the path to the “double-blind” test and Clinical Pharmacology. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Pound P (2022).
The role of systematic reviews in identifying the limitations of preclinical animal research, 2000 – 2022. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Held L, Matthews RAJ (2022).
Paradigm lost: Carl Liebermeister and the development of modern medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Senn SJ, Chalmers I (2021).
Giving and taking: ethical treatment assignment in controlled trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Nylenna, M (2023).
Paul Owren, Christopher Bjerkelund and the dawn of controlled trials in Norway. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Peto R (2016).
Reflections on the design and analysis of clinical trials and meta-analyses in the 1970s and 1980s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Donaldson IML (2016).
van Helmont’s proposal for a randomised comparison of treating fevers with or without bloodletting and purging. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Wager E (2015).
Good Publication Practice 3: reflections on becoming a guideline grandmother. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Clarke M (2015).
History of evidence synthesis to assess treatment effects: personal reflections on something that is very much alive. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Straus S, Eisinga A, Sackett D† (2015).
What drove the Evidence Cart? Bringing the library to the bedside. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Chalmers J, Chalmers I, Tröhler U (2017).
Helping physicians to keep abreast of the medical literature: Andrew Duncan and Medical and Philosophical Commentaries, 1773-1795. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Passmore R† (2001).
William Cullen (1710-1790). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tröhler U (2010).
The introduction of numerical methods to assess the effects of medical interventions during the 18th century: a brief history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Silverman WA†, Chalmers I (2002).
Casting and drawing lots: a time-honoured way of dealing with uncertainty and for ensuring fairness. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Scadding JG (2002).
Reflections on my studies of the effects of sulphonamide drugs in bacillary dysentery in Egypt, 1943-1944. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Silverman WA† (2003).
Personal reflections on lessons learned from randomized trials involving newborn infants, 1951 to 1967. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Lee MR (2005).
William Withering (1741-1799), a biographical sketch of a Birmingham Lunatic. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Bastian H (2007).
Lucy Wills (1888-1964), the life and research of an adventurous independent woman. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Crofton J† (2005).
Marc Daniels (1907-1953), a pioneer in establishing standards for clinical trial methods and reporting. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tsiompanou E, Marketos SG† (2012).
Hippocrates: timeless still. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2006).
Jesse GM Bullowa (1879-1943). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Agnew RAL (2008).
John Forbes FRS (1787-1861). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tröhler U (2003).
Charles MacLean (c.1766-1824). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Farewell V, Johnson A† (2010).
Hilda Woods (1892-1971). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Bryder L (2010).
The Medical Research Council and clinical trial methodologies before the 1940s: the failure to develop a ‘scientific’ approach. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tröhler U (2010).
Johann Friedrich de Quervain (1868-1940). Swiss surgical innovator. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Klingberg MA (2010).
An epidemiologist’s journey from typhus to thalidomide, and from the Soviet Union to Seveso. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Ferroni E, Jefferson T, Gachelin G (2011).
Angelo Celli and research on the prevention of malaria in Italy a century ago. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Chalmers I, Dukan E, Podolsky SH, Davey Smith G (2011).
The advent of fair treatment allocation schedules in clinical trials during the 19th and early 20th centuries. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Boylston AW (2012).
The origins of inoculation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Pollock JI (2003).
Clifford Wilson (1906-1997) and Martin Pollock (1914-1999). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Volmink J (2005).
The willow as a Hottentot (Khoikhoi) remedy for rheumatic fever. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Gøtzsche PC (2004).
Niels Finsen’s treatment for lupus vulgaris. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Vessey MP (2006).
Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Sidebottom E (2012).
Roger Bacon and the beginnings of experimental science in Britain. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Matthews RAJ (2025).
The problematic history of randomised controlled trials Part 3: Mainland, Hill and the future of RCTs. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.