Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects

Important unanticipated effects of treatments are often first suspected by people using or prescribing treatments. As with anticipated effects of treatments, steps must be taken to reduce biases and the play of chance in assessing suspected unanticipated effects.

15 RECORDS
6 ARTICLES

The need to address treatment uncertainties

Principles of Testing

Treatment comparisons are essential

Treatment comparisons must be fair

Biases

Double dummy

The play of chance

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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects

Important unanticipated effects of treatments are often first suspected by people using or prescribing treatments. As with anticipated effects of treatments, steps must be taken to reduce biases and the play of chance in assessing suspected unanticipated effects.

15 RECORDS

6 ARTICLES

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James Lind LibraryIllustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects

Important unanticipated effects of treatments are often first suspected by people using or prescribing treatments. As with anticipated effects of treatments, steps must be taken to reduce biases and the play of chance in assessing suspected unanticipated effects.

SORT date ▲ author

15 RECORDS

6 ARTICLES

Kocher T (1883) Ueber Kropfexstirpation und ihre Folgen [On goitre removal, and its consequences]. Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie 29:254-337.

Reverdin J-L, Reverdin A (1883) Note sur vingt-deux opérations de goitre, avec 3 pl. photographiques [Note on twenty two operations on goitre. Continuation and conclusion]. Revue Médicale de la Suisse Romande 3:169-198, 233-278, 309-364.

McBride WG (1961) Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 2:1358.

Finney DJ (1965) The design and logic of a monitor of drug use. Journal of Chronic Diseases 18:77-98.

Doll R (1969) Recognition of unwanted effects of drugs. BMJ 2:69-76.

Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Group (1974) Regular aspirin intake and acute myocardial infarction. BMJ 1:440-443.

Jick H (1977) The discovery of drug-induced illness. New England Journal of Medicine 296:481-485.

Colombo F, Shapiro S, Slone D, Tognoni G (1977) Epidemiological evaluation of drugs. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.

Jick H, Vessey M (1978) Case-control studies in the evaluation of drug-induced illness. American Journal of Epidemiology 1978;107:1-7.

Ibrahim MA, Spitzer WO (Editors) (1979) The Case-Control Study: Consensus and Controversy. New York: Pergamon Press.

Venning GR (1982) Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse drug reactions: the problem of false alarms. BMJ 284:249-254.

Robert E, Guibaud P (1982) Maternal valproic acid and congenital neural tube defects. Lancet 2:937.

Newcombe RG (1988) Explanatory and pragmatic estimates of the treatment effect when deviations from allocated treatment occur. . Statistics in Medicine Volume 7, Issue 11 p. 1179-1186.

Chalmers I (2017) The evolution of fair tests of treatments over two millennia: a 23 minute audio commentary. Edited by Hamish Chalmers, using unbroadcast recordings made by Freakonomics Radio, with permission.

Show ALL ARTICLES Brief histories Commentaries Biographies Personal reflections Doctoral theses

Vandenbroucke JP (2003).Thalidomide: an unanticipated adverse effect. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Vandenbroucke JP (2003).Aspirin: an unanticipated beneficial effect. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Vessey MP (2006).Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Jick H (2008).Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs: a brief personal history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tröhler U (2010).Emil Theodor Kocher (1841-1917). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Gøtzsche PC (2021).Citation bias: questionable research practice or scientific misconduct? JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Topics

BROWSE

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FEEDBACK

James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

Kocher T (1883)
Ueber Kropfexstirpation und ihre Folgen [On goitre removal, and its consequences]. Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie 29:254-337.

Reverdin J-L, Reverdin A (1883)
Note sur vingt-deux opérations de goitre, avec 3 pl. photographiques [Note on twenty two operations on goitre. Continuation and conclusion]. Revue Médicale de la Suisse Romande 3:169-198, 233-278, 309-364.

McBride WG (1961)
Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 2:1358.

Finney DJ (1965)
The design and logic of a monitor of drug use. Journal of Chronic Diseases 18:77-98.

Doll R (1969)
Recognition of unwanted effects of drugs. BMJ 2:69-76.

Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Group (1974)
Regular aspirin intake and acute myocardial infarction. BMJ 1:440-443.

Jick H (1977)
The discovery of drug-induced illness. New England Journal of Medicine 296:481-485.

Colombo F, Shapiro S, Slone D, Tognoni G (1977)
Epidemiological evaluation of drugs. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.

Jick H, Vessey M (1978)
Case-control studies in the evaluation of drug-induced illness. American Journal of Epidemiology 1978;107:1-7.

Ibrahim MA, Spitzer WO (Editors) (1979)
The Case-Control Study: Consensus and Controversy. New York: Pergamon Press.

Venning GR (1982)
Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse drug reactions: the problem of false alarms. BMJ 284:249-254.

Robert E, Guibaud P (1982)
Maternal valproic acid and congenital neural tube defects. Lancet 2:937.

Newcombe RG (1988)
Explanatory and pragmatic estimates of the treatment effect when deviations from allocated treatment occur. . Statistics in Medicine Volume 7, Issue 11 p. 1179-1186.

Chalmers I (2017)
The evolution of fair tests of treatments over two millennia: a 23 minute audio commentary. Edited by Hamish Chalmers, using unbroadcast recordings made by Freakonomics Radio, with permission.

Show

Vandenbroucke JP (2003).
Thalidomide: an unanticipated adverse effect. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Vandenbroucke JP (2003).
Aspirin: an unanticipated beneficial effect. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Vessey MP (2006).
Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Jick H (2008).
Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs: a brief personal history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Tröhler U (2010).
Emil Theodor Kocher (1841-1917). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Gøtzsche PC (2021).
Citation bias: questionable research practice or scientific misconduct? JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.