Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public

Improving reports of research and preparing and updating systematic reviews of reliable studies are essential foundations of effective health care.

JLL Essay

4.0 Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public

Research for the right reasons: blueprint for a better future

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Hippocrates (5th Century BCE)
Ancient Medicine. In: Littré MPE (1839). Oeuvres complètes d’Hippocrate, vol 1. Traduction nouvelle avec le texte grec en regard, collationé sur les manuscrits et toutes les éditions; accompagnée d’une introduction, de commentaries medicaux, de variants et de notes philologiques; suivie d’ une table générale des matières. Paris: J-B Bailliere, p 572.

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Bacon F (1626)
The New Atlantis. Republished in: Rawley W (1685). Sylva Sylvarum: or a natural history in ten centuries. Written by the Right Honorable Francis, Lord Verulam, Viscount St. Albans. Eleventh edition. London: Printed for B Griffin.

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Jurin J (1724)
A letter to the learned Dr. Caleb Cotesworth, F. R. S. of the College of Physicians, London, and physician to St. Thomas's Hospital; containing a comparison between the danger of the natural small pox, and that given by inoculation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1722 - 1723), 32:213-227.

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Ludwig CG (1752)
Commentarii de rebus scientia naturali et medicina gestis [Commentaries on achievements in the natural sciences and medicine] Vol.1, Part 1. Leipzig: Frederick Gleditsch.

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Lind J (1753)
A treatise of the scurvy. In three parts. Containing an inquiry into the nature, causes and cure, of that disease. Together with a critical and chronological view of what has been published on the subject. Edinburgh: Printed by Sands, Murray and Cochran for A Kincaid and A Donaldson.

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Duncan A (1773)
Medical and Philosophical Commentaries. Volume First, Part I. London: J Murray.

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Haygarth J (1784)
An inquiry into how to prevent smallpox. Chester and London.

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Sims RC (1791)
Letter VI. Letters and Papers of the Bath Society III: 486-487.

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Haygarth J (1793)
Sketch of a plan to exterminate the casual smallpox from Great Britain; and to introduce general inoculation. London: J Johnson

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de Villalba J (1802)
Epidemiología Española. Madrid: D Fermin Villalpando.

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Warren J (1812)
Remarks on Angina Pectoris. New England Journal Medicine & Surgery 1:1-11.

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Billings JS (1881)
An Address on our Medical Literature. BMJ 2:262–268.

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Rayleigh, The Lord (1885)
Address by the Rt. Hon. Lord Rayleigh. In: Report of the fifty-fourth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Montreal in August and September 1884. London: John Murray: 3-23.

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Goldberger J (1907)
Typhoid "bacillus carriers". In: Rosenau MJ, Lumsden LL, Kastle JH. Report on the origin and prevalence of typhoid fever in the District of Columbia. Hygienic Laboratory, Bulletin No 35, pp 167-174.

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Codman EA (1916)
A study in hospital efficiency. Boston: privately printed.

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Greenwood M (1924)
Is the statistical method of any value in medical research? Lancet 2: 153-158.

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De Quervain JF (1930)
Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der schweizerischen Sammelstatistik über Brustkrebs von 1911-1915. [Summary of the results of the aggregated Swiss hospital statistics on breast cancer from 1911-1915]. Bern-Berlin: Huber.

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Wistar Institute (1934)
Style brief, a guide for authors in preparing manuscripts and drawings for the most effective and economical method of publishing biological research. Philadelphia: The Wistar Institute Press.

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Greenwood M (1934)
Epidemics and crowd-diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Mainland D (1938)
The treatment of clinical and laboratory data: an introduction to statistical ideas and methods for medical and dental workers. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

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Pratt JG, Rhine JB, Smith BM, Stuart CE, Greenwood JA (1940)
Extra-sensory perception after sixty years: a critical appraisal of the research in extra-sensory perception. New York: Henry Holt.

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Daniels M (1950)
Scientific appraisement of new drugs in tuberculosis. American Review of Tuberculosis 61:751-756.

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Daniels M (1951)
Clinical evaluation of chemotherapy in tuberculosis. British Medical Bulletin 7:320-326.

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Mainland D (1952)
Intercurrent Events. In: Elementary Medical Statistics: the principles of quantitative medicine. London: WB Saunders Company, p 109. [Facimile copy printed and bound in India. Pranava Books. 2- LB100151138852 -301 -4 sa.]

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Daniels M, Hill AB (1952)
Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults: An analysis of the combined results of three medical research council trials. BMJ 1:1162-1168.

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Herdan G (1955)
Statistics of Therapeutic Trials. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

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Cole JO, Ross S, Bouthilet L, Freeman H, Bennett IF, Hoffman JL, Lehmann H (1957)
Recommendations for reporting studies of psychiatric drugs. Public Health Report 72:638–645.

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Sutherland I (1958)
Statistical aspects of clinical trials. In: Dodds C, ed. Report of a Symposium on Clinical Trials held at The Royal Society of Medicine, London, 25 April, p 53, pp 50-55.

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Waife SO (1959)
Problems of publication. In: Waife SO, Shapiro AP (1959). The clinical evaluation of new drugs. New York: Hoeber-Harper, 213-216.

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Laurence DR, ed. (1959)
Quantitative Methods in Human Pharmacology and Therapeutics. London: Pergamon Press.

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Lasagna L, Meier P (1959)
Experimental Design and Statistical Problems. In: Waife SO, Shapiro AP, eds. The Clinical Evaluation of New Drugs. New York: Hoeber. pp 37-60.

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Knowelden J (1959)
Prophylactic trials. In: Witts LJ ed. Medical Surveys and Clinical Trials. London: Oxford University Press. pp 118-133.

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Leitch I (1959)
The place of analytical and critical reviews in any growing biological science and the service they may render to research. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, 2 Vols. Washington DC: National Academies Press, p 571-588.

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Kety S (1959)
Comment. In: Cole JO, Gerard RW (eds). Psychopharmacology. Problems in Evaluation. National Academy of Sciences, Publication 583, Washington DC, p 651-652.

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Knowelden J (1960)
The analysis and presentation of results. In: Hill AB, ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. In: Hill AB, ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 155-159.

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Bywaters E (1960)
Rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment and illustrative answers. In: Hill AB ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp 75-83.

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Glick BS, Margolis R (1962)
A study of the influence of experimental design on clinical outcome in drug research. American Journal of Psychiatry 118:1087-1096.

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Glick BS (1963)
Inadequacies in the reporting of clinical drug research. Psychiatr Q 37:234-44.

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Mahon WA, Daniel EE (1964)
A method for the assessment of reports of drug trials. Canadian Medical Association Journal 90:565-9.

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Hill AB (1965)
The reasons for writing. BMJ 2:870.

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Wechsler H, Grosser GH, Greenblatt M (1965)
Research evaluating antidepressant medications on hospitalized mental patients: A survey of published reports during a five-year period. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 141(2):231-239.

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Grace ND, Muench H, Chalmers TC (1966)
The present status of shunts for portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 50:684-691.

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Ertl N (1969)
A new way of documenting scientific data from medical publications. Karger Gazette 20:1-4.

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Smith A, Traganza E, Harrison G (1969)
Studies on the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs. Psychopharmacol Bulletin (suppl) 1-53.

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International Anticoagulant Review Group (1970)
Collaborative analysis of long-term anti-coagulant administration after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1:203-209.

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Garvey WD, Lin N, Nelson CE (1970)
Communication in the physical and social sciences: the process of disseminating and assimilating information differ in these two groups of science. Science 170:1166-1173.

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Feldman KA (1971)
Using the work of others: some observations on reviewing and integrating. Sociology of Education 44:86-102.

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Light RJ, Smith PV (1971)
Accumulating evidence: Procedures for resolving contradictions among research studies. Harvard Educational Review 41:429-471.

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Cochrane AL (1972)
Effectiveness and Efficiency: random reflections on health services. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.

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Stjernswärd J (1974)
Decreased survival related to irradiation postoperatively in early breast cancer. Lancet 304:1285-1286.

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Elwood PC, Cochrane AL, Burr ML, Sweetnam PM, Williams G, Welsby E, Hughes SJ, Renton R (1974)
A randomized controlled trial of acetyl salicylic acid in the secondary prevention of mortality from myocardial infarction. BMJ 1:436-440.

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Chalmers TC (1975)
Effects of ascorbic acid on the common cold. An evaluation of the evidence. Amer J Med 58:532-6.

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Davis JM (1975)
Overview: Maintenance therapy in Psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 132:1237-1244.

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Rogers SC, Clay PM (1975)
A statistical review of controlled trials of imipramine and placebo in the treatment of depressive illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry 127:599-603.

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Glass GV (1976)
Primary, secondary and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher 10: 3-8.

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Conn HO, Blitzer BL (1976)
Nonassociation of adrenocorticosteroid therapy and peptic ulcer. New England Journal of Medicine 294(9):473-9.

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Levitt SH, McHugh RB, Song CW (1976)
Radiotheraphy in the postoperative treatment of operable cancer of the breast. Part II. A re-examination of Stjernsward’s application of the Mantel-Haenszel statistical method. Evaluation of the effect of the radiation on immune response and suggestions for postoperative radiotherapy. Cancer 39:933-940.

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Davis JM (1976)
Overview: Maintenance therapy in psychiatry:2. Affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 133:1-13.

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Shaikh W, Vayda E, Freeman W (1976)
A systematic review of the literature on the studies of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Pediatrics 57:401-407.

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Chalmers TC, Matta RJ, Smith H, Kunzler A-M (1977)
Evidence favoring the use of anticoagulants in the hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 297:1091-96.

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Smith ML, Glass GV (1977)
Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist 32:752-760.

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Cochran WG, Diaconis P, Donner AP, Hoaglin DC, O’Connor NE, Peterson OL, Rosenoer VM (1977)
Experiments in surgical treatments of duodenal ulcer. In: Bunker JP, Barnes BA, Mosteller F, eds. Costs, risks and benefits of surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 176-197.

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Chodak GW, Plaut ME (1977)
Use of systemic antibiotics for prophylaxis in surgery. A critical review. Archives of Surgery 112:326-334.

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Christensen E, Juhl E, Tygstrup N (1977)
Treatment of duodenal ulcer. Randomized clinical trials of a decade (1964 to 1974). Gastroenterology 73:1170-1178.

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Hemminki E, Starfield B (1978)
Routine administration of iron and vitamins during pregnancy: review of controlled clinical trials. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 85:404-410.

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Hemminki E, Starfield B (1978)
Prevention and treatment of premature labour by drugs: review of controlled clinical trials. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 85:411-417.

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Jackson GB (1978)
Methods for reviewing and integrating research in the social sciences. Report prepared for the National Science Foundation, Washington DC, Division of Science Information, PB-283747.

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The Pooling Project Research Group (1978)
Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: Final report of the Pooling Project. Journal of Chronic Diseases 31:210-306.

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Conn HO (1978)
Steroid treatment of alcoholic hepatitis. The yeas and nays [editorial]. Gastroenterology 74(2 Pt 1):319-322.

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Winship DH (1978)
Cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: Review and commentary. Gastroenterology 74:402-406.

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Dudley HAF (1978)
Surgical research: master or servant. The American Journal of Surgery 135:458-460.

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Chalmers I (1979)
Randomized controlled trials of fetal monitoring 1973-1977. In: Thalhammer O, Baumgarten K, Pollak A, eds. Perinatal Medicine. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme:260-265.

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Jackson GB (1980)
Methods for integrative reviews. Review of Educational Research 50:438-460.

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Editorial (1980)
Aspirin after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1:1172-3.

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Cooper HM, Rosenthal R (1980)
A comparison of statistical and traditional procedures for summarizing research. Psychological Bulletin 87:442-449.

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Andrews G, Guitar B, Howie P (1980)
Meta-analysis of the effects of stuttering treatment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 45:287-307.

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Hemminki E (1981)
Quality of reports of clinical trials submitted by the drug industry to the Finnish and Swedish control authorities. European Journal of Clincal Pharmacology 19:157-165.

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Chalmers TC, Smith JH, Blackburn B, Silverman B, Schroeder B, Reitman D, Ambroz A (1981)
A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial. Controlled Clinical Trials 2: 31-49.

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Altman DG (1981)
Statistics and ethics in medical research. VIII-Improving the quality of statistics in medical journals. BMJ 282:44–47.

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Hampton JR (1981)
Presentation and analysis of the results of clinical trials in cardiovascular disease BMJ 282:1371-1373.

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Glass GV, McGaw B, Smith ML (1981)
Meta-analysis in social research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

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Kass EH (1981)
Reviewing reviews. In: Warren KS, ed. Coping with the biomedical literature. New York: Praeger, pp 79-91.

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Baum ML, Anish DS, Chalmers TC, Sacks HS, Smith H, Fagerstrom RM (1981)
A survey of clinical trials of antibiotic prophylaxis in colon surgery: Evidence against further use of no-treatment controls. New England Journal of Medicine 305:795-799.

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Coffman TL (1981)
Relocation and survival of institutionalized aged: A re-examination of the evidence. The Gerontologist 21(5):483-500.

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Andrews G, Harvey R (1981)
Does psychotherapy benefit neurotic patients? A reanalysis of the Smith, Glass, and Miller data. Archives of General Psychiatry 38: 1203-1208.

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DeSilva RA, Hennekens CH, Lown B, Cassells W (1981)
Lignocaine prophylaxis in acute myocardial infarction: An evaluation of randomised trials. Lancet 17:855-858.

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Polk BF (1981)
Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent mixed bacterial infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 8(suppl D):115-129.

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Loeliger EA (1981)
Oral anticoagulation in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica 651(suppl):305-315.

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Altman DG (1981)
Evaluating a series of clinical trials of the same treatment. Unpublished 7-page summary of the author’s presentation at a meeting of the International Epidemiological Association in Edinburgh, August 1981.

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Hemminki E (1982)
Quality of clinical trials – a concern of three decades. Methods of Information in Medicine 21:81-85.

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Altman DG (1982)
Statistics in medical journals. Statistics in Medicine 1:59-71.

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Hunter JE, Schmidt FL, Jackson GB (1982)
Meta-analysis: cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills, Ca: Sage Publications.

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Hampton JR (1982)
Should every survivor of a heart attack be given a beta-blocker? Part I Evidence from clinical trials. BMJ 285:33-36.

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Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, Yusuf S, Peto R, Hennekens CH (1982)
Effect of intravenous streptokinase on acute myocardial infarction: pooled results from randomized trials. New England Journal of Medicine 307:1180-1182.

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Andrews G, MacMahon SW, Austin A, Byrne DG (1982)
Hypertension: comparison of drug and non-drug treatments. BMJ 284:1523-1526.

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Baber NS, Lewis JA (1982)
Confidence in results of beta-blocker postinfarction trials. BMJ 284: 1749-1750.

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Landman JT, Dawes RM (1982)
Psychotherapy outcome. Smith and Glass’ conclusions stand up under scrutiny. American Psychologist 37(5):504-516.

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Lewis JA (1982)
Beta-blockade after myocardial infarction- a statistical view. Br J Clin Pharmac 14:15S-21S.

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Mazzuca SA (1982)
Does patient education in chronic disease have therapeutic value? Journal of Chronic Diseases 35:521-529.

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Mumford E, Schlesinger HJ, Glass GV (1982)
The effects of psychological intervention on recovery from surgery and heart attacks: An analysis of the literature. American Journal of Public Health 72(2): 141-151.

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Shapiro DA, Shapiro D (1982)
Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. Psychological Bulletin 92(3):581-604.

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Blackburn BA, Smith H, Chalmers TC (1982)
The inadequate evidence for short hospital stay after hernia or varicose vein stripping surgery. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine (NY) 49:383-390.

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Cone LA (1982)
A survey of prospective, controlled clinical trials of gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and netilmicin. Clinical Therapeutics 5:155-1621.

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Kavale K (1982)
The efficacy of stimulant drug treatment for hyperactivity: A metaanalysis. Journal of Learning Disabilities 15:280-289.

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Smith ML (1982)
What research says about the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 33:457-461.

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Editorial (1982)
Long-term and short-term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1:1159-1161.

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May GS, Eberlein KA, Furberg CD, Passamani ER, DeMets DL (1982)
Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: A review of long-term trials. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 24:331–352.

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Altman DG, Gore SM, Gardner MJ, Pocock SJ (1983)
Statistical guidelines for contributors to medical journals. BMJ 286:1489-93.

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Light RJ (1983)
Evaluation Studies Review Annual Vol 8. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.

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Altman DG (1983)
Evaluating a series of clinical trials of the same treatment. Unpublished 40-page development of the author’s 7-page summary (Altman 1981) of his presentation at a meeting of the International Epidemiological Association in Edinburgh, August 1981.

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Ottenbacher KJ, Petersen P (1983)
Quantitative reviewing of medical literature. An approach to synthesizing research results in clinical pediatrics. Clinical Pediatrics 23(8):423-427.

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Ottenbacher KJ, Petersen P (1983)
The efficacy of vestibular stimulation as a form of specific sensory enrichment. Quantitative review of literature. Clinical Pediatrics 23(8):428-433.

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Baber NS, Lewis JA (1983)
Beta-adrenoreceptor blockade and myocardial infarction: When should treatment start and for how long should it continue? Circulation 67(suppl I):I-71-I-75.

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Foon KA, Smalley RV, Riggs CW, Gale RP (1983)
The role of immunotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. Arch Intern Med 143: 1726-1731

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Chalmers TC, Celano P, Sacks HS, Smith H (1983)
Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials. New England Journal of Medicine 309: 1358-1361.

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Devine EC, Cook TD (1983)
A meta-analytic analysis of effects of psychoeducational interventions on length of postsurgical hospital stay. Nursing Research Practice 32(5):267-74.

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Leizorovicz A, Boissel JP (1983)
Oral anticoagulant in patients surviving myocardial infarction. A new approach to old data. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24:333-336.

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Messer J, Reitman D, Sacks HS, Smith H, Chalmers TC (1983)
Association of adrenocorticosteroid therapy and peptic-ulcer disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 309(1):21-24.

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Shapiro DA, Shapiro D (1983)
Comparative therapy outcome research: Methodological implications of meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51(1):42-53.

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Steinbrueck SM, Maxwell SE, Howard GS (1983)
A meta-analysis of psychotherapy and drug therapy in the treatment of unipolar depression with adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51(6):856-863.

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Thurber S, Eugene Walker C (1983)
Medication and hyperactivity: A meta-analysis. The Journal of General Psychology 108:79-86.

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Tran ZU, Weltman A, Glass GV, Mood DP (1983)
The effects of exercise on blood lipids and lipoproteins: A meta-analysis of studies. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15(5):393-402.

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Canner PL (1983)
Aspirin in coronary heart disease. Comparison of six clinical trials. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 19:413-423.

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Huitfeldt B, Montgomery SA (1983)
Comparison between zimeldine and amitriptyline of efficacy and adverse symptoms~a combined analysis of four British clinical trials in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand (suppl) 308:55-69.

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Kavale KA, Forness SR (1983)
Hyperactivity and diet treatment: A meta-analysis of the Feingold hypothesis. I Learn Disabil 16:324-30.

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Moskowitz G, Chalmers TC, Sacks HS, Fagerstrom RM, Smith H Jr (1983)
Deficiencies of clinical trials of alcohol withdrawal. Alcoholism 7:42-46.

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Yusuf S, Sleight P (1983)
Limitation of myocardial infarct size. Present status. Drugs 25:441-450.

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Furberg CD, Bell RL (1983)
Effect of beta-blocker therapy on recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction. Circulation 67 (suppl I): I-83-I-85.

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Light RJ, Pillemer DB (1984)
Summing up. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

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Yeaton WH, Wortman PM (1984)
Evaluation issues in medical research synthesis. New Directions for Program Evaluation 24:43-56.

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Bassan MM, Shalev O, Eliakim A (1984)
Improved prognosis during long-term treatment with beta-blockers after myocardial infarction: Analysis of randomized trials and pooling of results. Heart Lung 13:164-168.

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King JF, Keirse MJNC, Grant A, Chalmers I (1985)
Tocolysis - the case for and against. In: Beard RW, Sharp F, eds. Preterm Labour and its Consequences. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1985:199-208.

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Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P (1985)
Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease 27:335-371.

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Sacks HS, Chalmers TC, Berk AA, Reitman D (1985)
Should mild hypertension be treated? An attempted meta-analysis of the clinical trials. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 52:265-270.

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Einarson TR, McGhan WF, Bootman JL, Sabers DL (1985)
Meta-analysis: quantitative integration of independent research results. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 42:1957-64.

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Louis TA, Fineberg HV, Mosteller F (1985)
Findings for Public Health from meta-analyses. Annual Review of Public Health 6:1-20.

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Curlette WL, Silva Cannella K (1985)
Going beyond the narrative summarization of research findings: The meta-analysis approach. Research in Nursing and Health 8: 293-301.

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Goldschmidt PG (1986)
Information synthesis: a practical guide. HSR: Health Services Research 21:215-236.

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Himel HN, Liberati A, Gelber RD, Chalmers TC (1986)
Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: A pooled estimate based on results from published randomized control trials. JAMA 256:1148-1159.

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Guyatt G, Sackett D, Taylor DW, Chong J, Roberts R, Pugsley S (1986)
Determining optimal therapy-randomized trials in individual patients. New England Journal of Medicine 314:889-92.

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Ad Hoc Working Group for Critical Appraisal of the Medical Literature (1987)
A proposal for more informative abstracts of clinical articles. Annals of Internal Medicine 106:598-604.

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Pocock SJ, Hughes MD, Lee RJ (1987)
Statistical problems in the reporting of clinical trials. A survey of three medical journals. New England Journal of Medicine 317:426-32.

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Roifman CM, Levison H, Gelfand EW (1987)
High-dose versus low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in hypogammaglobulinaemia and chronic lung disease. Lancet 329: 1075–1077.

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Huth EJ (1987)
Structured abstracts for papers reporting clinical trials. Annals of Internal Medicine 106:626-627.

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Chalmers TC, Berrier J, Sacks HS, Levin H, Reitman D, Nagalingam R (1987)
Meta-analysis of clinical trials as a scientific discipline. II. Replicate variability and comparison of studies that agree and disagree. Stat Med 6:733-44.

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Jenicek M (1987)
Méta-analyse en médecine. Évaluation et synthèse de l’information clinique et épidémiologique. [Meta-analysis in medicine: evaluation and synthesis of clinical and epidemiological information] St.Hyacinthe and Paris: EDISEM and Maloine Éditeurs.

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Mulrow CD (1987)
The medical review article: state of the science. Annals of Internal Medicine 106:485-488.

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Sacks HS, Berrier J, Reitman D, Ancona-Berk VA, Chalmers TC (1987)
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. New England Journal of Medicine 316:450-455.

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L'Abbé KA, Detsky AS, O'Rourke K (1987)
Meta-analysis in clinical research. Annals of Internal Medicine 107:224-232.

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Peto R (1987)
Why do we need systematic overviews of randomized trials? Statistics in Medicine 6:233-240.

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Yusuf S, Simon R, Ellenberg SS (1987)
Proceedings of the workshop on methodologic issues in overviews of randomized clinical trials, May 1986. Statistics in Medicine 6:217-409.

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Thacker SB (1988)
Meta-analysis: a quantitative approach for research integration. JAMA 259:1685-1689.

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Mulrow CD, Thacker SB, Pugh J (1988)
A proposal for more informative abstracts of review articles. Annals of Internal Medicine 108:613-615.

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Oxman AD, Guyatt GH (1988)
Guidelines for reading literature reviews. Canadian Medical Association Journal 138:697-703.

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Prendiville W, Elbourne E, Chalmers I (1988)
The effects of routine oxytocic administration in the management of the third stage of labour: an overview of the evidence from controlled trials. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 95:3-16.

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King JF, Grant A, Keirse MJNC, Chalmers I (1988)
Betamimetics in preterm labour: an overview of the randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Obstetetrics and Gynaecology 95:211-222.

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Elbourne D, Prendiville W, Chalmers I (1988)
Choice of oxytocic preparation for routine use in the management of the third stage of labour: an overview of the evidence from controlled trials. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 95:17-30.

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MacMahon S, Collins R, Peto R, Koster RW, Yusuf S (1988)
Effects of prophylactic lidocaine in suspected acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from the randomized, controlled trials. JAMA 260:1910-6.

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Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration (1988)
Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged anti-platelet treatment. BMJ 296:320-331.

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Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (1988)
Effects of adjuvant tamoxifen and of cytotoxic therapy on mortality in early breast cancer. An overview of 61 randomized trials among 28,896 women. New England Journal of Medicine 319:1681-92.

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Chalmers TC (1988)
Data analysis for clinical medicine: the quantitative approach to patient care in gastroenterology. Rome: International University Press.

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Chalmers I, ed (1988)
The Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Jenicek M (1989)
Meta-analysis in medicine: where we are and where we want to go. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42:35-44.

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Chalmers I, Enkin M, Keirse MJNC (1989)
Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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O’Rourke K, Detsky AS (1989)
Meta-analysis in medical research: strong encouragement for higher quality in individual research efforts. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42:1021-24.

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Hine LK, Laird N, Hewitt P, Chalmers TC (1989)
Meta-analytic evidence against prophylactic use of lidocaine in acute myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine 149:2694-8.

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Hetherington J, Dickersin K, Chalmers I, Meinert CL (1989)
Retrospective and prospective identification of unpublished controlled trials: lessons from a survey of obstetricians and pediatricians. Pediatrics 84(2):374-80.

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Haynes RB, Mulrow CD, Huth EJ, Altman DG, Gardner MJ (1990)
More informative abstracts revisited. Annals of Internal Medicine 113:69-75.

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Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (1990)
Treatment of early breast cancer. Vol 1. Worldwide evidence, 1985-1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Topics

The need to address treatment uncertainties

Principles of Testing

Treatment comparisons are essential

Treatment comparisons must be fair

Biases

Double dummy

The play of chance

Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public

Website by Minervation Ltd, supported by the James Lind Initiative and the Presidential Fund of the Swiss National Science Foundation.