
Using the results of research
All research has been done in the past, but the results of research need to be used today and tomorrow to inform decisions in health care. Trustworthy evidence from research is necessary, but not sufficient, to improve the quality of health care.
JLL Essay
4.3 Using the results of research 
So what makes for better healthcare?
Topics
- Individual patient data
- Pre-clinical
- Fair tests of treatments
- The need to address treatment uncertainties
- Treatment comparisons are essential
- Treatment comparisons must be fair
- Biases
- Design bias
- Allocation bias
- Co-intervention bias
- Observer bias
- Analysis bias
- Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
- Reporting bias
- Biases in systematic reviews
- Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
- The play of chance
- Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public