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Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Chalmers TC, Berrier J, Sacks HS, Levin H, Reitman D, Nagalingam R (1987).

Meta-analysis of clinical trials as a scientific discipline. II. Replicate variability and comparison of studies that agree and disagree. Stat Med 6:733-44.

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Key passage(s)

ChalmersTC_etal_1987_kp

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • Biases in systematic reviews
  • Using meta-analysis
  • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews

Key articles

  • Dickersin K, Chalmers F (2014).
    Thomas C Chalmers (1917-1995): a pioneer of randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews.

All topics

  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Placebo effects
      • Dramatic effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Factorial design
      • Crossover tests
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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