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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments through history
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Chalmers TC, Berrier J, Sacks HS, Levin H, Reitman D, Nagalingam R (1987).
Meta-analysis of clinical trials as a scientific discipline. II. Replicate variability and comparison of studies that agree and disagree. Stat Med 6:733-44.
Key passage(s)
RELEVANT TOPICS
Biases in systematic reviews
Using meta-analysis
Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
Key articles
Dickersin K, Chalmers F (2014).
Thomas C Chalmers (1917-1995): a pioneer of randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews.
All topics
Individual patient data
Pre-clinical
Fair tests of treatments
The need to address treatment uncertainties
Principles of Testing
Treatment comparisons are essential
Dramatic effects
Placebo effects
Treatment comparisons must be fair
Biases
Design bias
Allocation bias
N-of-1 crossover
Cluster allocation
Crossover tests
Factorial design
Co-intervention bias
Observer bias
Double dummy
Analysis bias
Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
Reporting bias
Biases in systematic reviews
Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
The play of chance
Recording and interpreting numbers
Quantifying uncertainty
Using meta-analysis
Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
Improving reports of research
Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
Using the results of research
