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James Lind LibraryThe James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Codman EA (1916)

A study in hospital efficiency. Boston: privately printed.
In 1916 Ernest Codman reported a long term followup of patients on whom he had operated.

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Title page(s)

codman-1916-tp

Key passage(s)

codman-1916-kp1 codman-1916-kp2 codman-1916-kp3 codman-1916-kp4 codman-1916-kp5

Other material(s)

Codman_1916_om

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • Improving reports of research

Key articles

  • McPherson K, Bunker JP (2006).
    Costs, risks and benefits of surgery: a milestone in the development of health services research.

Other articles

  • Tröhler U (2010).
    Johann Friedrich de Quervain (1868-1940).
  • Treasure T (2016).
    Documenting the dramatic effects of surgical treatment of mitral stenosis: a previous prognosis controlled case series.

All topics

  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Placebo effects
      • Dramatic effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Factorial design
      • Crossover tests
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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