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James Lind LibraryThe James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Cochran WG, Diaconis P, Donner AP, Hoaglin DC, O’Connor NE, Peterson OL, Rosenoer VM (1977)

Experiments in surgical treatments of duodenal ulcer. In: Bunker JP, Barnes BA, Mosteller F, eds. Costs, risks and benefits of surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 176-197.

Key passage(s)

Cochran-etal-1977-kp

Whole article

Cochran-etal-1977-wa1 Cochran-etal-1977-wa2 Cochran-etal-1977-wa3 Cochran-etal-1977-wa4 Cochran-etal-1977-wa5 Cochran-etal-1977-wa6 Cochran-etal-1977-wa7 Cochran-etal-1977-wa8 Cochran-etal-1977-wa9 Cochran-etal-1977-wa10 Cochran-etal-1977-wa11 Cochran-etal-1977-wa12 Cochran-etal-1977-wa13 Cochran-etal-1977-wa14 Cochran-etal-1977-wa15 Cochran-etal-1977-wa16 Cochran-etal-1977-wa17 Cochran-etal-1977-wa18 Cochran-etal-1977-wa19 Cochran-etal-1977-wa20 Cochran-etal-1977-wa21 Cochran-etal-1977-wa22

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • Biases in systematic reviews
  • Using meta-analysis
  • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews

Key articles

  • McPherson K, Bunker JP (2006).
    Costs, risks and benefits of surgery: a milestone in the development of health services research.

Other articles

  • O’Rourke K (2006).
    A historical perspective on meta-analysis: dealing quantitatively with varying study results.

All topics

  • Individual patient data
  • Pre-clinical
  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Dramatic effects
      • Placebo effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Crossover tests
      • Factorial design
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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