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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care
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Baum ML, Anish DS, Chalmers TC, Sacks HS, Smith H, Fagerstrom RM (1981)
A survey of clinical trials of antibiotic prophylaxis in colon surgery: Evidence against further use of no-treatment controls. New England Journal of Medicine 305:795-799.
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Key passage(s)
Portrait(s)
Thomas. C. Chalmers (1917-1995)
RELEVANT TOPICS
Biases in systematic reviews
Using meta-analysis
Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
Key articles
Dickersin K, Chalmers F (2014).
Thomas C Chalmers (1917-1995): a pioneer of randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews.
Clarke M (2015).
History of evidence synthesis to assess treatment effects: personal reflections on something that is very much alive.
Other articles
Rennie D, Chalmers I (2009).
Exposing the dangers to patients of medical reviews and textbooks that ignore scientific principles.
All topics
Fair tests of treatments
The need to address treatment uncertainties
Principles of Testing
Treatment comparisons are essential
Placebo effects
Dramatic effects
Treatment comparisons must be fair
Biases
Design bias
Allocation bias
N-of-1 crossover
Cluster allocation
Factorial design
Crossover tests
Co-intervention bias
Observer bias
Double dummy
Analysis bias
Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
Reporting bias
Biases in systematic reviews
Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
The play of chance
Recording and interpreting numbers
Quantifying uncertainty
Using meta-analysis
Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
Improving reports of research
Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
Using the results of research