Timeline Archives - The James Lind Library The James Lind Library

Hippocrates (5th Century BCE)
Ancient Medicine. In: Littré MPE (1839). Oeuvres complètes d’Hippocrate, vol 1. Traduction nouvelle avec le texte grec en regard, collationé sur les manuscrits et toutes les éditions; accompagnée d’une introduction, de commentaries medicaux, de variants et de notes philologiques; suivie d’ une table générale des matières. Paris: J-B Bailliere, p 572.

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al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th century AH)
Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine].

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Ibn Sīnā (c.1012 CE; c.402 AH)
Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb [Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine].

View

Bacon, Roger (1266)
Opus maius. MS Digby 325, 15th century manuscript. Bodleian Library, Oxford.

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Petrarca F (14th century)
Letter to Boccaccio. Print: Senilium Liber V Epistola iii in: Annotatio nonnullorum librorum seu epistolarum Francisci Petrarche. Venetiis: Torresanus de Asula (1501). Manuscript: Key passage in the late 14th / early 15th century manuscript Biblioteca Marciana Lat. XI 17 / Francesco Petrarca; fol. 28r, second column, lines 9 – 22. (Facsimile of MS: Petrarca F (2003). Seniles, (eds Stocchi MP, Marcon S). Venice: Marsilio.)

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Paré A (1575)
1575 Les oeuvres de M. Ambroise Paré conseiller, et premier chirurgien du Roy avec les figures & portraicts tant de l'Anatomie que des instruments de Chirurgie, & de plusieurs Monstres. [The works of M. Ambroise Paré, advisor, and first surgeon to the King, with figures and portraits concerning anatomy as well as surgical instruments, and several monsters] Paris: Gabriel Buon.

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Hidalgo de Agüero, Bartolomé (1604)
Thesoro de la verdadera cirugía y vía particular contra la común. Sevilla: Francisco Pérez, 1604, pp. 32v.

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Bacon F (1645)
Franc Baconis de Verulamio / Summi Angliae Cancellarii /Novum organum scientiarum. Lugd. Bat: apud Adrianum Wiingaerde, et Franciscum Moiardum. Aphorism XLVI (pages 45-46).

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Van Helmont JB (1648)
Ortus medicinæ: Id est Initia physicæ inaudita. Progressus medicinae novus, in morborum ultionem, ad vitam longam [The dawn of medicine: That is, the beginning of a new Physic. A new advance in medicine, a victory over disease, to (promote) a long life]. Amsterodami: Apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, pp 526-527.

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Nettleton T (1722)
Part of a letter from Dr. Nettleton, physician at Halifax, to Dr. Jurin, R. S. Sec concerning the inoculation of the small pox, and the mortality of that distemper in the natural way. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1722-1723) 32:209-212.

View

Clifton F (1732)
The state of physick, ancient and modern, briefly considered: with a plan for the improvement of it. London printed by W Bowyer, for John Nourse without Temple-Bar.

View

Cheselden W (1740)
The anatomy of the human body. 5th edition. London: William Bowyer.

View

Lind J (1753)
A treatise of the scurvy. In three parts. Containing an inquiry into the nature, causes and cure, of that disease. Together with a critical and chronological view of what has been published on the subject. Edinburgh: Printed by Sands, Murray and Cochran for A Kincaid and A Donaldson.

View

Cullen W (1772)
Clinical lectures. Edinburgh, Feb-April, 218-219.

View

Millar J (1779)
Observations on the management of the prevailing diseases particularly in the Army and Navy. London, for the author.

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Mesmer FA (1781)
Précis historique des faits relatifs au magnétisme animal jusques en avril 1781. Par M. Mesmer, Docteur en Médecine de la Faculté de Vienne. Ouvrage traduit de l'Allemand [Historical account of facts relating to animal magnetism up to April 1781. By M. Mesmer, Doctor in Medicine of the Vienna Faculty. Work translated from German]. A Londres [false imprint, probably Paris.] pp. 111-114; 182.

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Alanson E (1782)
Practical observations on amputation, and the after-treatment, 2nd edn. London: Joseph Johnson.

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Commission Royale. Bailly A (1784)
Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi, de l'examen du magnétisme animale [Report of the Comissioners required by the King to examine animal magnetism]. Imprimé par ordre du Roi. Paris: A Paris, de L'Imprimerie Royale.

View

Black W (1788)
A comparative view of the mortality of the human species at all ages. London: Dilly, pp 35-38.

View

Fordyce G (1793)
An attempt to improve the evidence of medicine. Transactions of a Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge. London: J Johnson.

View

Sutton D (1796)
The Inoculator; or Suttonian system of inoculation, fully set forth in a plain and familiar manner. London: Printed for the author.

View

Haygarth J (1800)
Of the imagination, as a cause and as a cure of disorders of the body: exemplified by fictitious tractors, and epidemical convulsions. Bath: R. Crutwell.

View

Cooper A (1801)
Farther observations on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the ear; with an account of the operation for the removal of a particular species of deafness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Part 1:435-451.

View

Percival T (1803)
Medical ethics or, a code of institutes and precepts adapted to the professional conduct of physicians and surgeons. Manchester: S Russell for J Johnson.

View

Lesassier Hamilton A (1816)
Dissertatio Medica Inauguralis De Synocho Castrensi [Inaugural medical dissertation on camp fever]. Edinburgh: J Ballantyne.

View

Hawkins FB (1829)
The elements of medical statistics. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green.

View

Löhner G, on behalf of a Society of truth-loving men (1835)
Die Homoöopathischen Kochsalzversuche zu Nürnberg [The homeopathic salt trials in Nurnberg]. Nürnberg in März.

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Louis PCA (1835)
Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dans quelques maladies inflammatoires et sur l'action de l'émétique et des vésicatoires dans la pneumonie [Research on the effects of bloodletting in some inflammatory illnesses and on the action of emetics and blistering in pneumonia]. Paris: Librairie de l'Académie royale de médecine.

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Gavarret LDJ (1840)
Principes généraux de statistique médicale: ou développement des régles qui doivent présider à son emploi [General principles of medical statistics: or the development of rules that must govern their use]. Paris: Bechet jeune & Labé.

View

Forbes J (1846)
Homoeopathy, allopathy and “young physic”. British and Foreign Medical Review 225-265.

View

Tessier JP (1852)
De la médication homoeopathique [On homoeopathic medication]. Paris: JB Ballière.

View

Balfour TG (1854)
Quoted in West C. Lectures on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood. London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, p 600.

View

Semmelweis I (1861)
Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers. [The etiology, concept, and prophylaxis of childbed fever]. Budapest and Vienna; Hartleben.

View

Kocher T (1883)
Ueber Kropfexstirpation und ihre Folgen [On goitre removal, and its consequences]. Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie 29:254-337.

View

Rayleigh, The Lord (1885)
Address by the Rt. Hon. Lord Rayleigh. In: Report of the fifty-fourth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Montreal in August and September 1884. London: John Murray: 3-23.

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Bettencourt R, Serrano J-A (1891)
Un cas de myxœdème (cachexie pachydermique) traité par la greffe hypodermique du corps thyroïde d’un mouton. [A case of myxœdema (pachydermous cachexia) treated with hypodermic transplant of sheep thyroid gland]. Compte rendu de la 19eme session de l‘Association française our l’avancement des sciences, Limoges, 1890, pp 683-690.

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Vorderman AG (1897)
Onderzoek naar het verband tusschen den aard der rijstvoeding in de gevangenissen op Java en Madoera en het voorkomen van beri-beri onder de geïnterneerden. Batavia: Jav. Boekh. & Drukkerij.

View

Fibiger J (1898)
Om serumbehandling af difteri [On treatment of diphtheria with serum]. Hospitalstidende 6:309-325.

View

Haffkine WM (1900)
On preventive inoculation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 65:252-271.

View

Celli A (1900)
La nuova profilassi della malaria nel Lazio [The new prophylaxis against malaria in Lazio]. Supplemento al Policlinico 6:1601-1606.

View

Choksy NH (1900)
Professor Lustig’s plague serum. Lancet 2:291-292.

View

Park WH (1900)
Use of diphtheria antitoxin in the treatment and prevention of diphtheria. JAMA 34: 902-904.

View

Lustig A, Galeotti G (1901)
The prophylactic and curative treatment of plague. BMJ 1:206-208.

View

Pearson K (1904)
Report on certain enteric fever inoculation statistics. BMJ 3:1243-1246.

View

Cousin M (1905)
Des éruptions consecutives aux injections de sérum antidiphthérique et de leur traitement prophylactique par l’ingestion de clorure de calcium. Thèse pour le Doctorat en médicine. Paris : Jules Rousset, 36-44.

View

Fletcher W (1907)
Rice and beri-beri: preliminary report on an experiment conducted in the Kuala Lumpur Insane Asylum. Lancet 1:1776-1779.

View

Bingel A (1918)
Über Behandlung der Diphtherie mit gewöhnlichem Pferdeserum [On the treatment of diphtheria with normal horse serum]. Deutsches Archiv für Klinische Medizin 125:284-332.

View

Park WH, Bullowa JGM, Rosenbluth NM (1928)
The treatment of lobar pneumonia with refined specific antibacterial serum. JAMA 91:1503-1508.

View

Wagner-Jauregg J (1931)
Ueber die Infektionsbehandlung der progressiven Paralyse [On infection treatment of progressive paralysis]. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 78:4-7.

View

Martini P (1932)
Methodenlehre der Therapeutischen Untersuchung [Methodological principles for therapeutic investigations]. Berlin: Springer.

View

Hill AB (1937)
Principles of medical statistics. London: Lancet.

View

Kendrick P, Eldering G (1939)
A study in active immunization against pertussis. American Journal of Hygiene 29 Sec. B:133-153.

View

Bell JA (1941)
Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine. Public Health Reports 56:1535-1546.

View

Medical Research Council (1944)
Clinical trial of patulin in the common cold. Lancet 2:373-5.

View

Medical Research Council (1948)
Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a Medical Research Council investigation. BMJ 2:769-782.

View

Doll R, Pygott F (1952)
Factors influencing the rate of healing of gastric ulcers: admission to hospital, phenobarbitone, and ascorbic acid. Lancet 1: 171-175.

View

Leitch I (1959)
The place of analytical and critical reviews in any growing biological science and the service they may render to research. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, 2 Vols. Washington DC: National Academies Press, p 571-588.

View

Hill AB (1960)
Controlled clinical trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

View

Chalmers TC (1968)
When should randomisation begin? Lancet 1:858.

View

Schwartz D, Flamant R, Lellouch J (1970)
L’essai thérapeutique chez l‘homme. Paris: Flammarion.

View

Stjernswärd J (1974)
Decreased survival related to irradiation postoperatively in early breast cancer. Lancet 304:1285-1286.

View

Glass GV (1976)
Primary, secondary and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher 10: 3-8.

View

Chalmers TC, Matta RJ, Smith H, Kunzler A-M (1977)
Evidence favoring the use of anticoagulants in the hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 297:1091-96.

View

Hemminki E (1980)
Study of information submitted by drug companies to licensing authorities. BMJ 280:833-6.

View

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) (1986)
Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 397-402.

View

Simes RJ (1986)
Publication bias: the case for an international registry of clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology 4:1529-41.

View

Mulrow CD (1987)
The medical review article: state of the science. Annals of Internal Medicine 106:485-488.

View

Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (1990)
Treatment of early breast cancer. Vol 1. Worldwide evidence, 1985-1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

View

Antman EM, Lau J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC (1992)
A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. JAMA 268:240-248.

View

Dickersin K, Min YI, Meinert CL (1992)
Factors influencing publication of research results. Follow-up of applications submitted to two institutional review boards. JAMA 267:374-8.

View

Standards of Reporting Trials Group (1994)
A proposal for structured reporting of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 272:1926-31.

View

Sackett D, Straus S; for Firm A of the Nuffield Department of Medicine (1998)
Finding and applying evidence during clinical rounds: the "Evidence Cart". JAMA 280:1336-1338.

View

Kunz R, Vist G, Oxman AD (2002)
Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials. Cochrane Database of Methodology Reviews 4:MR000012

View

Chan A-W, Hròbjartsson A, Haahr M, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG (2004)
Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: Comparison of protocols to publications. JAMA 291:2457-2465.

View

Perel P, Roberts I, Sena E, Wheble P, Briscoe C, Sandercock S, Macleod M, Mignini LE, Jayaram P, Khan KS (2007)
Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review. BMJ 334:197-200.

View

Savović J, Jones HE, Altman DG, Harris RJ, Jüni P, Pildal J, Als-Nielsen B, Balk EM, Gluud C, Gluud LL, Ioannidis JPA, Schulz KF, Beynon R, Welton NJ, Wood L, Moher D, Deeks JJ, Sterne JAC (2012)
Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomized controlled trials. Annals of Internal Medicine 157:429-438.

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Jefferson T, Jones MA, Doshi P, Del Mar CB, Hama R, Thompson MJ, Spencer EA, Onakpoya I, Mahtani KR, Nunan D, Howick J, Heneghan CJ (2014)
Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating inﬂuenza in healthy adults and children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD008965. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD008965.pub4.

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James Lind LibraryIllustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

ADDITIONAL METHODS - TIMELINE

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77 RECORDS

al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th century AH) Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine].

Ibn Sīnā (c.1012 CE; c.402 AH) Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb [Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine].

Bacon, Roger (1266) Opus maius. MS Digby 325, 15th century manuscript. Bodleian Library, Oxford.

Hidalgo de Agüero, Bartolomé (1604) Thesoro de la verdadera cirugía y vía particular contra la común. Sevilla: Francisco Pérez, 1604, pp. 32v.

Bacon F (1645) Franc Baconis de Verulamio / Summi Angliae Cancellarii /Novum organum scientiarum. Lugd. Bat: apud Adrianum Wiingaerde, et Franciscum Moiardum. Aphorism XLVI (pages 45-46).

Nettleton T (1722) Part of a letter from Dr. Nettleton, physician at Halifax, to Dr. Jurin, R. S. Sec concerning the inoculation of the small pox, and the mortality of that distemper in the natural way. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1722-1723) 32:209-212.

Clifton F (1732) The state of physick, ancient and modern, briefly considered: with a plan for the improvement of it. London printed by W Bowyer, for John Nourse without Temple-Bar.

Cheselden W (1740) The anatomy of the human body. 5th edition. London: William Bowyer.

Lind J (1753) A treatise of the scurvy. In three parts. Containing an inquiry into the nature, causes and cure, of that disease. Together with a critical and chronological view of what has been published on the subject. Edinburgh: Printed by Sands, Murray and Cochran for A Kincaid and A Donaldson.

Cullen W (1772) Clinical lectures. Edinburgh, Feb-April, 218-219.

Millar J (1779) Observations on the management of the prevailing diseases particularly in the Army and Navy. London, for the author.

Alanson E (1782) Practical observations on amputation, and the after-treatment, 2nd edn. London: Joseph Johnson.

Commission Royale. Bailly A (1784) Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi, de l'examen du magnétisme animale [Report of the Comissioners required by the King to examine animal magnetism]. Imprimé par ordre du Roi. Paris: A Paris, de L'Imprimerie Royale.

Black W (1788) A comparative view of the mortality of the human species at all ages. London: Dilly, pp 35-38.

Fordyce G (1793) An attempt to improve the evidence of medicine. Transactions of a Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge. London: J Johnson.

Sutton D (1796) The Inoculator; or Suttonian system of inoculation, fully set forth in a plain and familiar manner. London: Printed for the author.

Haygarth J (1800) Of the imagination, as a cause and as a cure of disorders of the body: exemplified by fictitious tractors, and epidemical convulsions. Bath: R. Crutwell.

Cooper A (1801) Farther observations on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the ear; with an account of the operation for the removal of a particular species of deafness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Part 1:435-451.

Percival T (1803) Medical ethics or, a code of institutes and precepts adapted to the professional conduct of physicians and surgeons. Manchester: S Russell for J Johnson.

Lesassier Hamilton A (1816) Dissertatio Medica Inauguralis De Synocho Castrensi [Inaugural medical dissertation on camp fever]. Edinburgh: J Ballantyne.

Hawkins FB (1829) The elements of medical statistics. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green.

Löhner G, on behalf of a Society of truth-loving men (1835) Die Homoöopathischen Kochsalzversuche zu Nürnberg [The homeopathic salt trials in Nurnberg]. Nürnberg in März.

Gavarret LDJ (1840) Principes généraux de statistique médicale: ou développement des régles qui doivent présider à son emploi [General principles of medical statistics: or the development of rules that must govern their use]. Paris: Bechet jeune & Labé.

Forbes J (1846) Homoeopathy, allopathy and “young physic”. British and Foreign Medical Review 225-265.

Tessier JP (1852) De la médication homoeopathique [On homoeopathic medication]. Paris: JB Ballière.

Balfour TG (1854) Quoted in West C. Lectures on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood. London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, p 600.

Semmelweis I (1861) Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers. [The etiology, concept, and prophylaxis of childbed fever]. Budapest and Vienna; Hartleben.

Kocher T (1883) Ueber Kropfexstirpation und ihre Folgen [On goitre removal, and its consequences]. Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie 29:254-337.

Rayleigh, The Lord (1885) Address by the Rt. Hon. Lord Rayleigh. In: Report of the fifty-fourth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Montreal in August and September 1884. London: John Murray: 3-23.

Vorderman AG (1897) Onderzoek naar het verband tusschen den aard der rijstvoeding in de gevangenissen op Java en Madoera en het voorkomen van beri-beri onder de geïnterneerden. Batavia: Jav. Boekh. & Drukkerij.

Fibiger J (1898) Om serumbehandling af difteri [On treatment of diphtheria with serum]. Hospitalstidende 6:309-325.

Haffkine WM (1900) On preventive inoculation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 65:252-271.

Celli A (1900) La nuova profilassi della malaria nel Lazio [The new prophylaxis against malaria in Lazio]. Supplemento al Policlinico 6:1601-1606.

Choksy NH (1900) Professor Lustig’s plague serum. Lancet 2:291-292.

Park WH (1900) Use of diphtheria antitoxin in the treatment and prevention of diphtheria. JAMA 34: 902-904.

Lustig A, Galeotti G (1901) The prophylactic and curative treatment of plague. BMJ 1:206-208.

Pearson K (1904) Report on certain enteric fever inoculation statistics. BMJ 3:1243-1246.

Cousin M (1905) Des éruptions consecutives aux injections de sérum antidiphthérique et de leur traitement prophylactique par l’ingestion de clorure de calcium. Thèse pour le Doctorat en médicine. Paris : Jules Rousset, 36-44.

Fletcher W (1907) Rice and beri-beri: preliminary report on an experiment conducted in the Kuala Lumpur Insane Asylum. Lancet 1:1776-1779.

Bingel A (1918) Über Behandlung der Diphtherie mit gewöhnlichem Pferdeserum [On the treatment of diphtheria with normal horse serum]. Deutsches Archiv für Klinische Medizin 125:284-332.

Park WH, Bullowa JGM, Rosenbluth NM (1928) The treatment of lobar pneumonia with refined specific antibacterial serum. JAMA 91:1503-1508.

Wagner-Jauregg J (1931) Ueber die Infektionsbehandlung der progressiven Paralyse [On infection treatment of progressive paralysis]. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 78:4-7.

Martini P (1932) Methodenlehre der Therapeutischen Untersuchung [Methodological principles for therapeutic investigations]. Berlin: Springer.

Hill AB (1937) Principles of medical statistics. London: Lancet.

Kendrick P, Eldering G (1939) A study in active immunization against pertussis. American Journal of Hygiene 29 Sec. B:133-153.

Bell JA (1941) Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine. Public Health Reports 56:1535-1546.

Medical Research Council (1944) Clinical trial of patulin in the common cold. Lancet 2:373-5.

Medical Research Council (1948) Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a Medical Research Council investigation. BMJ 2:769-782.

Doll R, Pygott F (1952) Factors influencing the rate of healing of gastric ulcers: admission to hospital, phenobarbitone, and ascorbic acid. Lancet 1: 171-175.

Leitch I (1959) The place of analytical and critical reviews in any growing biological science and the service they may render to research. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, 2 Vols. Washington DC: National Academies Press, p 571-588.

Hill AB (1960) Controlled clinical trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Chalmers TC (1968) When should randomisation begin? Lancet 1:858.

Schwartz D, Flamant R, Lellouch J (1970) L’essai thérapeutique chez l‘homme. Paris: Flammarion.

Stjernswärd J (1974) Decreased survival related to irradiation postoperatively in early breast cancer. Lancet 304:1285-1286.

Glass GV (1976) Primary, secondary and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher 10: 3-8.

Chalmers TC, Matta RJ, Smith H, Kunzler A-M (1977) Evidence favoring the use of anticoagulants in the hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 297:1091-96.

Hemminki E (1980) Study of information submitted by drug companies to licensing authorities. BMJ 280:833-6.

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) (1986) Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 397-402.

Simes RJ (1986) Publication bias: the case for an international registry of clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology 4:1529-41.

Mulrow CD (1987) The medical review article: state of the science. Annals of Internal Medicine 106:485-488.

Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (1990) Treatment of early breast cancer. Vol 1. Worldwide evidence, 1985-1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Antman EM, Lau J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC (1992) A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. JAMA 268:240-248.

Dickersin K, Min YI, Meinert CL (1992) Factors influencing publication of research results. Follow-up of applications submitted to two institutional review boards. JAMA 267:374-8.

Standards of Reporting Trials Group (1994) A proposal for structured reporting of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 272:1926-31.

Sackett D, Straus S; for Firm A of the Nuffield Department of Medicine (1998) Finding and applying evidence during clinical rounds: the "Evidence Cart". JAMA 280:1336-1338.

Kunz R, Vist G, Oxman AD (2002) Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials. Cochrane Database of Methodology Reviews 4:MR000012

Chan A-W, Hròbjartsson A, Haahr M, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG (2004) Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: Comparison of protocols to publications. JAMA 291:2457-2465.

Perel P, Roberts I, Sena E, Wheble P, Briscoe C, Sandercock S, Macleod M, Mignini LE, Jayaram P, Khan KS (2007) Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review. BMJ 334:197-200.

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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th century AH)
Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine].

Ibn Sīnā (c.1012 CE; c.402 AH)
Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb [Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine].

Bacon, Roger (1266)
Opus maius. MS Digby 325, 15th century manuscript. Bodleian Library, Oxford.

Hidalgo de Agüero, Bartolomé (1604)
Thesoro de la verdadera cirugía y vía particular contra la común. Sevilla: Francisco Pérez, 1604, pp. 32v.

Bacon F (1645)
Franc Baconis de Verulamio / Summi Angliae Cancellarii /Novum organum scientiarum. Lugd. Bat: apud Adrianum Wiingaerde, et Franciscum Moiardum. Aphorism XLVI (pages 45-46).

Nettleton T (1722)
Part of a letter from Dr. Nettleton, physician at Halifax, to Dr. Jurin, R. S. Sec concerning the inoculation of the small pox, and the mortality of that distemper in the natural way. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1722-1723) 32:209-212.

Clifton F (1732)
The state of physick, ancient and modern, briefly considered: with a plan for the improvement of it. London printed by W Bowyer, for John Nourse without Temple-Bar.

Cheselden W (1740)
The anatomy of the human body. 5th edition. London: William Bowyer.

Lind J (1753)
A treatise of the scurvy. In three parts. Containing an inquiry into the nature, causes and cure, of that disease. Together with a critical and chronological view of what has been published on the subject. Edinburgh: Printed by Sands, Murray and Cochran for A Kincaid and A Donaldson.

Cullen W (1772)
Clinical lectures. Edinburgh, Feb-April, 218-219.

Millar J (1779)
Observations on the management of the prevailing diseases particularly in the Army and Navy. London, for the author.

Alanson E (1782)
Practical observations on amputation, and the after-treatment, 2nd edn. London: Joseph Johnson.

Commission Royale. Bailly A (1784)
Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi, de l'examen du magnétisme animale [Report of the Comissioners required by the King to examine animal magnetism]. Imprimé par ordre du Roi. Paris: A Paris, de L'Imprimerie Royale.

Black W (1788)
A comparative view of the mortality of the human species at all ages. London: Dilly, pp 35-38.

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