Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews

Unbiased, up-to-date systematic reviews of all the relevant, reliable evidence are needed to provide trustworthy evidence to inform practice and policy.

190 RECORDS
21 ARTICLES

The need to address treatment uncertainties

Principles of Testing

Treatment comparisons are essential

Treatment comparisons must be fair

Biases

Double dummy

The play of chance

Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public

James Lind LibraryIllustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews

Unbiased, up-to-date systematic reviews of all the relevant, reliable evidence are needed to provide trustworthy evidence to inform practice and policy.

SORT date author ▲

190 RECORDS

21 ARTICLES

Bacon F (1626) The New Atlantis. Republished in: Rawley W (1685). Sylva Sylvarum: or a natural history in ten centuries. Written by the Right Honorable Francis, Lord Verulam, Viscount St. Albans. Eleventh edition. London: Printed for B Griffin.

Lind J (1753) A treatise of the scurvy. In three parts. Containing an inquiry into the nature, causes and cure, of that disease. Together with a critical and chronological view of what has been published on the subject. Edinburgh: Printed by Sands, Murray and Cochran for A Kincaid and A Donaldson.

Duncan A (1773) Medical and Philosophical Commentaries. Volume First, Part I. London: J Murray.

Haygarth J (1784) An inquiry into how to prevent smallpox. Chester and London.

Sims RC (1791) Letter VI. Letters and Papers of the Bath Society III: 486-487.

Haygarth J (1793) Sketch of a plan to exterminate the casual smallpox from Great Britain; and to introduce general inoculation. London: J Johnson

de Villalba J (1802) Epidemiología Española. Madrid: D Fermin Villalpando.

Warren J (1812) Remarks on Angina Pectoris. New England Journal Medicine & Surgery 1:1-11.

Rayleigh, The Lord (1885) Address by the Rt. Hon. Lord Rayleigh. In: Report of the fifty-fourth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Montreal in August and September 1884. London: John Murray: 3-23.

Goldberger J (1907) Typhoid "bacillus carriers". In: Rosenau MJ, Lumsden LL, Kastle JH. Report on the origin and prevalence of typhoid fever in the District of Columbia. Hygienic Laboratory, Bulletin No 35, pp 167-174.

Greenwood M (1924) Is the statistical method of any value in medical research? Lancet 2: 153-158.

De Quervain JF (1930) Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der schweizerischen Sammelstatistik über Brustkrebs von 1911-1915. [Summary of the results of the aggregated Swiss hospital statistics on breast cancer from 1911-1915]. Bern-Berlin: Huber.

Greenwood M (1934) Epidemics and crowd-diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pratt JG, Rhine JB, Smith BM, Stuart CE, Greenwood JA (1940) Extra-sensory perception after sixty years: a critical appraisal of the research in extra-sensory perception. New York: Henry Holt.

Daniels M, Hill AB (1952) Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults: An analysis of the combined results of three medical research council trials. BMJ 1:1162-1168.

Leitch I (1959) The place of analytical and critical reviews in any growing biological science and the service they may render to research. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, 2 Vols. Washington DC: National Academies Press, p 571-588.

Kety S (1959) Comment. In: Cole JO, Gerard RW (eds). Psychopharmacology. Problems in Evaluation. National Academy of Sciences, Publication 583, Washington DC, p 651-652.

Wechsler H, Grosser GH, Greenblatt M (1965) Research evaluating antidepressant medications on hospitalized mental patients: A survey of published reports during a five-year period. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 141(2):231-239.

Grace ND, Muench H, Chalmers TC (1966) The present status of shunts for portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 50:684-691.

Smith A, Traganza E, Harrison G (1969) Studies on the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs. Psychopharmacol Bulletin (suppl) 1-53.

International Anticoagulant Review Group (1970) Collaborative analysis of long-term anti-coagulant administration after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1:203-209.

Feldman KA (1971) Using the work of others: some observations on reviewing and integrating. Sociology of Education 44:86-102.

Light RJ, Smith PV (1971) Accumulating evidence: Procedures for resolving contradictions among research studies. Harvard Educational Review 41:429-471.

Stjernswärd J (1974) Decreased survival related to irradiation postoperatively in early breast cancer. Lancet 304:1285-1286.

Elwood PC, Cochrane AL, Burr ML, Sweetnam PM, Williams G, Welsby E, Hughes SJ, Renton R (1974) A randomized controlled trial of acetyl salicylic acid in the secondary prevention of mortality from myocardial infarction. BMJ 1:436-440.

Chalmers TC (1975) Effects of ascorbic acid on the common cold. An evaluation of the evidence. Amer J Med 58:532-6.

Davis JM (1975) Overview: Maintenance therapy in Psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 132:1237-1244.

Rogers SC, Clay PM (1975) A statistical review of controlled trials of imipramine and placebo in the treatment of depressive illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry 127:599-603.

Glass GV (1976) Primary, secondary and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher 10: 3-8.

Conn HO, Blitzer BL (1976) Nonassociation of adrenocorticosteroid therapy and peptic ulcer. New England Journal of Medicine 294(9):473-9.

Davis JM (1976) Overview: Maintenance therapy in psychiatry:2. Affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 133:1-13.

Shaikh W, Vayda E, Freeman W (1976) A systematic review of the literature on the studies of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Pediatrics 57:401-407.

Chalmers TC, Matta RJ, Smith H, Kunzler A-M (1977) Evidence favoring the use of anticoagulants in the hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 297:1091-96.

Smith ML, Glass GV (1977) Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist 32:752-760.

Cochran WG, Diaconis P, Donner AP, Hoaglin DC, O’Connor NE, Peterson OL, Rosenoer VM (1977) Experiments in surgical treatments of duodenal ulcer. In: Bunker JP, Barnes BA, Mosteller F, eds. Costs, risks and benefits of surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 176-197.

Chodak GW, Plaut ME (1977) Use of systemic antibiotics for prophylaxis in surgery. A critical review. Archives of Surgery 112:326-334.

Christensen E, Juhl E, Tygstrup N (1977) Treatment of duodenal ulcer. Randomized clinical trials of a decade (1964 to 1974). Gastroenterology 73:1170-1178.

Hemminki E, Starfield B (1978) Routine administration of iron and vitamins during pregnancy: review of controlled clinical trials. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 85:404-410.

Hemminki E, Starfield B (1978) Prevention and treatment of premature labour by drugs: review of controlled clinical trials. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 85:411-417.

Jackson GB (1978) Methods for reviewing and integrating research in the social sciences. Report prepared for the National Science Foundation, Washington DC, Division of Science Information, PB-283747.

The Pooling Project Research Group (1978) Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: Final report of the Pooling Project. Journal of Chronic Diseases 31:210-306.

Conn HO (1978) Steroid treatment of alcoholic hepatitis. The yeas and nays [editorial]. Gastroenterology 74(2 Pt 1):319-322.

Winship DH (1978) Cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: Review and commentary. Gastroenterology 74:402-406.

Chalmers I (1979) Randomized controlled trials of fetal monitoring 1973-1977. In: Thalhammer O, Baumgarten K, Pollak A, eds. Perinatal Medicine. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme:260-265.

Jackson GB (1980) Methods for integrative reviews. Review of Educational Research 50:438-460.

Editorial (1980) Aspirin after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1:1172-3.

Cooper HM, Rosenthal R (1980) A comparison of statistical and traditional procedures for summarizing research. Psychological Bulletin 87:442-449.

Andrews G, Guitar B, Howie P (1980) Meta-analysis of the effects of stuttering treatment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 45:287-307.

Glass GV, McGaw B, Smith ML (1981) Meta-analysis in social research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

Kass EH (1981) Reviewing reviews. In: Warren KS, ed. Coping with the biomedical literature. New York: Praeger, pp 79-91.

Baum ML, Anish DS, Chalmers TC, Sacks HS, Smith H, Fagerstrom RM (1981) A survey of clinical trials of antibiotic prophylaxis in colon surgery: Evidence against further use of no-treatment controls. New England Journal of Medicine 305:795-799.

Coffman TL (1981) Relocation and survival of institutionalized aged: A re-examination of the evidence. The Gerontologist 21(5):483-500.

Andrews G, Harvey R (1981) Does psychotherapy benefit neurotic patients? A reanalysis of the Smith, Glass, and Miller data. Archives of General Psychiatry 38: 1203-1208.

DeSilva RA, Hennekens CH, Lown B, Cassells W (1981) Lignocaine prophylaxis in acute myocardial infarction: An evaluation of randomised trials. Lancet 17:855-858.

Polk BF (1981) Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent mixed bacterial infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 8(suppl D):115-129.

Loeliger EA (1981) Oral anticoagulation in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica 651(suppl):305-315.

Altman DG (1981) Evaluating a series of clinical trials of the same treatment. Unpublished 7-page summary of the author’s presentation at a meeting of the International Epidemiological Association in Edinburgh, August 1981.

Hunter JE, Schmidt FL, Jackson GB (1982) Meta-analysis: cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills, Ca: Sage Publications.

Hampton JR (1982) Should every survivor of a heart attack be given a beta-blocker? Part I Evidence from clinical trials. BMJ 285:33-36.

Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, Yusuf S, Peto R, Hennekens CH (1982) Effect of intravenous streptokinase on acute myocardial infarction: pooled results from randomized trials. New England Journal of Medicine 307:1180-1182.

Andrews G, MacMahon SW, Austin A, Byrne DG (1982) Hypertension: comparison of drug and non-drug treatments. BMJ 284:1523-1526.

Baber NS, Lewis JA (1982) Confidence in results of beta-blocker postinfarction trials. BMJ 284: 1749-1750.

Landman JT, Dawes RM (1982) Psychotherapy outcome. Smith and Glass’ conclusions stand up under scrutiny. American Psychologist 37(5):504-516.

Lewis JA (1982) Beta-blockade after myocardial infarction- a statistical view. Br J Clin Pharmac 14:15S-21S.

Mazzuca SA (1982) Does patient education in chronic disease have therapeutic value? Journal of Chronic Diseases 35:521-529.

Mumford E, Schlesinger HJ, Glass GV (1982) The effects of psychological intervention on recovery from surgery and heart attacks: An analysis of the literature. American Journal of Public Health 72(2): 141-151.

Shapiro DA, Shapiro D (1982) Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. Psychological Bulletin 92(3):581-604.

Blackburn BA, Smith H, Chalmers TC (1982) The inadequate evidence for short hospital stay after hernia or varicose vein stripping surgery. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine (NY) 49:383-390.

Cone LA (1982) A survey of prospective, controlled clinical trials of gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and netilmicin. Clinical Therapeutics 5:155-1621.

Kavale K (1982) The efficacy of stimulant drug treatment for hyperactivity: A metaanalysis. Journal of Learning Disabilities 15:280-289.

Smith ML (1982) What research says about the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 33:457-461.

Editorial (1982) Long-term and short-term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1:1159-1161.

May GS, Eberlein KA, Furberg CD, Passamani ER, DeMets DL (1982) Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: A review of long-term trials. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 24:331–352.

Light RJ (1983) Evaluation Studies Review Annual Vol 8. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.

James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

Bacon F (1626)
The New Atlantis. Republished in: Rawley W (1685). Sylva Sylvarum: or a natural history in ten centuries. Written by the Right Honorable Francis, Lord Verulam, Viscount St. Albans. Eleventh edition. London: Printed for B Griffin.

Lind J (1753)
A treatise of the scurvy. In three parts. Containing an inquiry into the nature, causes and cure, of that disease. Together with a critical and chronological view of what has been published on the subject. Edinburgh: Printed by Sands, Murray and Cochran for A Kincaid and A Donaldson.

Duncan A (1773)
Medical and Philosophical Commentaries. Volume First, Part I. London: J Murray.

Haygarth J (1784)
An inquiry into how to prevent smallpox. Chester and London.

Sims RC (1791)
Letter VI. Letters and Papers of the Bath Society III: 486-487.

Haygarth J (1793)
Sketch of a plan to exterminate the casual smallpox from Great Britain; and to introduce general inoculation. London: J Johnson

de Villalba J (1802)
Epidemiología Española. Madrid: D Fermin Villalpando.

Warren J (1812)
Remarks on Angina Pectoris. New England Journal Medicine & Surgery 1:1-11.

Rayleigh, The Lord (1885)
Address by the Rt. Hon. Lord Rayleigh. In: Report of the fifty-fourth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Montreal in August and September 1884. London: John Murray: 3-23.

Goldberger J (1907)
Typhoid "bacillus carriers". In: Rosenau MJ, Lumsden LL, Kastle JH. Report on the origin and prevalence of typhoid fever in the District of Columbia. Hygienic Laboratory, Bulletin No 35, pp 167-174.

Greenwood M (1924)
Is the statistical method of any value in medical research? Lancet 2: 153-158.

De Quervain JF (1930)
Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der schweizerischen Sammelstatistik über Brustkrebs von 1911-1915. [Summary of the results of the aggregated Swiss hospital statistics on breast cancer from 1911-1915]. Bern-Berlin: Huber.

Greenwood M (1934)
Epidemics and crowd-diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pratt JG, Rhine JB, Smith BM, Stuart CE, Greenwood JA (1940)
Extra-sensory perception after sixty years: a critical appraisal of the research in extra-sensory perception. New York: Henry Holt.

Daniels M, Hill AB (1952)
Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults: An analysis of the combined results of three medical research council trials. BMJ 1:1162-1168.

Leitch I (1959)
The place of analytical and critical reviews in any growing biological science and the service they may render to research. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, 2 Vols. Washington DC: National Academies Press, p 571-588.

Kety S (1959)
Comment. In: Cole JO, Gerard RW (eds). Psychopharmacology. Problems in Evaluation. National Academy of Sciences, Publication 583, Washington DC, p 651-652.

Wechsler H, Grosser GH, Greenblatt M (1965)
Research evaluating antidepressant medications on hospitalized mental patients: A survey of published reports during a five-year period. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 141(2):231-239.

Grace ND, Muench H, Chalmers TC (1966)
The present status of shunts for portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 50:684-691.

Smith A, Traganza E, Harrison G (1969)
Studies on the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs. Psychopharmacol Bulletin (suppl) 1-53.

International Anticoagulant Review Group (1970)
Collaborative analysis of long-term anti-coagulant administration after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1:203-209.

Feldman KA (1971)
Using the work of others: some observations on reviewing and integrating. Sociology of Education 44:86-102.

Light RJ, Smith PV (1971)
Accumulating evidence: Procedures for resolving contradictions among research studies. Harvard Educational Review 41:429-471.

Stjernswärd J (1974)
Decreased survival related to irradiation postoperatively in early breast cancer. Lancet 304:1285-1286.

Elwood PC, Cochrane AL, Burr ML, Sweetnam PM, Williams G, Welsby E, Hughes SJ, Renton R (1974)
A randomized controlled trial of acetyl salicylic acid in the secondary prevention of mortality from myocardial infarction. BMJ 1:436-440.

Chalmers TC (1975)
Effects of ascorbic acid on the common cold. An evaluation of the evidence. Amer J Med 58:532-6.

Davis JM (1975)
Overview: Maintenance therapy in Psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 132:1237-1244.

Rogers SC, Clay PM (1975)
A statistical review of controlled trials of imipramine and placebo in the treatment of depressive illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry 127:599-603.

Glass GV (1976)
Primary, secondary and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher 10: 3-8.

Conn HO, Blitzer BL (1976)
Nonassociation of adrenocorticosteroid therapy and peptic ulcer. New England Journal of Medicine 294(9):473-9.

Davis JM (1976)
Overview: Maintenance therapy in psychiatry:2. Affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 133:1-13.

Shaikh W, Vayda E, Freeman W (1976)
A systematic review of the literature on the studies of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Pediatrics 57:401-407.

Chalmers TC, Matta RJ, Smith H, Kunzler A-M (1977)
Evidence favoring the use of anticoagulants in the hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 297:1091-96.

Smith ML, Glass GV (1977)
Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist 32:752-760.

Cochran WG, Diaconis P, Donner AP, Hoaglin DC, O’Connor NE, Peterson OL, Rosenoer VM (1977)
Experiments in surgical treatments of duodenal ulcer. In: Bunker JP, Barnes BA, Mosteller F, eds. Costs, risks and benefits of surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 176-197.

Chodak GW, Plaut ME (1977)
Use of systemic antibiotics for prophylaxis in surgery. A critical review. Archives of Surgery 112:326-334.

Christensen E, Juhl E, Tygstrup N (1977)
Treatment of duodenal ulcer. Randomized clinical trials of a decade (1964 to 1974). Gastroenterology 73:1170-1178.

Hemminki E, Starfield B (1978)
Routine administration of iron and vitamins during pregnancy: review of controlled clinical trials. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 85:404-410.

Hemminki E, Starfield B (1978)
Prevention and treatment of premature labour by drugs: review of controlled clinical trials. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 85:411-417.

Jackson GB (1978)
Methods for reviewing and integrating research in the social sciences. Report prepared for the National Science Foundation, Washington DC, Division of Science Information, PB-283747.

The Pooling Project Research Group (1978)
Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: Final report of the Pooling Project. Journal of Chronic Diseases 31:210-306.

Conn HO (1978)
Steroid treatment of alcoholic hepatitis. The yeas and nays [editorial]. Gastroenterology 74(2 Pt 1):319-322.

Winship DH (1978)
Cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: Review and commentary. Gastroenterology 74:402-406.

Chalmers I (1979)
Randomized controlled trials of fetal monitoring 1973-1977. In: Thalhammer O, Baumgarten K, Pollak A, eds. Perinatal Medicine. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme:260-265.

Jackson GB (1980)
Methods for integrative reviews. Review of Educational Research 50:438-460.

Editorial (1980)
Aspirin after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1:1172-3.

Cooper HM, Rosenthal R (1980)
A comparison of statistical and traditional procedures for summarizing research. Psychological Bulletin 87:442-449.

Andrews G, Guitar B, Howie P (1980)
Meta-analysis of the effects of stuttering treatment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 45:287-307.

Glass GV, McGaw B, Smith ML (1981)
Meta-analysis in social research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

Kass EH (1981)
Reviewing reviews. In: Warren KS, ed. Coping with the biomedical literature. New York: Praeger, pp 79-91.

Baum ML, Anish DS, Chalmers TC, Sacks HS, Smith H, Fagerstrom RM (1981)
A survey of clinical trials of antibiotic prophylaxis in colon surgery: Evidence against further use of no-treatment controls. New England Journal of Medicine 305:795-799.

Coffman TL (1981)
Relocation and survival of institutionalized aged: A re-examination of the evidence. The Gerontologist 21(5):483-500.

Andrews G, Harvey R (1981)
Does psychotherapy benefit neurotic patients? A reanalysis of the Smith, Glass, and Miller data. Archives of General Psychiatry 38: 1203-1208.

DeSilva RA, Hennekens CH, Lown B, Cassells W (1981)
Lignocaine prophylaxis in acute myocardial infarction: An evaluation of randomised trials. Lancet 17:855-858.

Polk BF (1981)
Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent mixed bacterial infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 8(suppl D):115-129.

Loeliger EA (1981)
Oral anticoagulation in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica 651(suppl):305-315.

Altman DG (1981)
Evaluating a series of clinical trials of the same treatment. Unpublished 7-page summary of the author’s presentation at a meeting of the International Epidemiological Association in Edinburgh, August 1981.

Hunter JE, Schmidt FL, Jackson GB (1982)
Meta-analysis: cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills, Ca: Sage Publications.

Hampton JR (1982)
Should every survivor of a heart attack be given a beta-blocker? Part I Evidence from clinical trials. BMJ 285:33-36.

Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, Yusuf S, Peto R, Hennekens CH (1982)
Effect of intravenous streptokinase on acute myocardial infarction: pooled results from randomized trials. New England Journal of Medicine 307:1180-1182.

Andrews G, MacMahon SW, Austin A, Byrne DG (1982)
Hypertension: comparison of drug and non-drug treatments. BMJ 284:1523-1526.

Baber NS, Lewis JA (1982)
Confidence in results of beta-blocker postinfarction trials. BMJ 284: 1749-1750.

Landman JT, Dawes RM (1982)
Psychotherapy outcome. Smith and Glass’ conclusions stand up under scrutiny. American Psychologist 37(5):504-516.

Lewis JA (1982)
Beta-blockade after myocardial infarction- a statistical view. Br J Clin Pharmac 14:15S-21S.

Mazzuca SA (1982)
Does patient education in chronic disease have therapeutic value? Journal of Chronic Diseases 35:521-529.

Mumford E, Schlesinger HJ, Glass GV (1982)
The effects of psychological intervention on recovery from surgery and heart attacks: An analysis of the literature. American Journal of Public Health 72(2): 141-151.

Shapiro DA, Shapiro D (1982)
Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. Psychological Bulletin 92(3):581-604.

Blackburn BA, Smith H, Chalmers TC (1982)
The inadequate evidence for short hospital stay after hernia or varicose vein stripping surgery. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine (NY) 49:383-390.

Cone LA (1982)
A survey of prospective, controlled clinical trials of gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and netilmicin. Clinical Therapeutics 5:155-1621.

Kavale K (1982)
The efficacy of stimulant drug treatment for hyperactivity: A metaanalysis. Journal of Learning Disabilities 15:280-289.

Smith ML (1982)
What research says about the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 33:457-461.

Editorial (1982)
Long-term and short-term beta-blockade after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1:1159-1161.

May GS, Eberlein KA, Furberg CD, Passamani ER, DeMets DL (1982)
Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: A review of long-term trials. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 24:331–352.

Light RJ (1983)
Evaluation Studies Review Annual Vol 8. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.

Altman DG (1983)
Evaluating a series of clinical trials of the same treatment. Unpublished 40-page development of the author’s 7-page summary (Altman 1981) of his presentation at a meeting of the International Epidemiological Association in Edinburgh, August 1981.

Ottenbacher KJ, Petersen P (1983)
Quantitative reviewing of medical literature. An approach to synthesizing research results in clinical pediatrics. Clinical Pediatrics 23(8):423-427.

Ottenbacher KJ, Petersen P (1983)
The efficacy of vestibular stimulation as a form of specific sensory enrichment. Quantitative review of literature. Clinical Pediatrics 23(8):428-433.

Baber NS, Lewis JA (1983)
Beta-adrenoreceptor blockade and myocardial infarction: When should treatment start and for how long should it continue? Circulation 67(suppl I):I-71-I-75.

Foon KA, Smalley RV, Riggs CW, Gale RP (1983)
The role of immunotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. Arch Intern Med 143: 1726-1731