Observer bias Archives - The James Lind Library The James Lind Library

Commission Royale. Bailly A (1784)
Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi, de l'examen du magnétisme animale [Report of the Comissioners required by the King to examine animal magnetism]. Imprimé par ordre du Roi. Paris: A Paris, de L'Imprimerie Royale.

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Haygarth J (1800)
Of the imagination, as a cause and as a cure of disorders of the body: exemplified by fictitious tractors, and epidemical convulsions. Bath: R. Crutwell.

View

Löhner G, on behalf of a Society of truth-loving men (1835)
Die Homoöopathischen Kochsalzversuche zu Nürnberg [The homeopathic salt trials in Nurnberg]. Nürnberg in März.

View

Storke EF, Martin R, Rosenkrans EM, Ford J, Schloemilch A, McDermott GC, Carlson OW (1880)
Final report of the Milwaukee test of the thirtieth dilution. Homoeopathic Times 7:12/280-1.

View

Behring EA, Boer NN, Kossel H (1893)
Zur Behandlung diphtheriekranker Menschen mit Diphtherieheilserum [On the treatment of diphtheria patients with curative diphtheria serum]. Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift 17:389-39.

View

Pregl F (1896)
Zwei weitere ergographische Versuchsreihen über die Wirkung orchistischen Extraktes [Two further ergographic experimental series on the effects of testicular extracts]. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie 62:379-399.

View

Vorderman AG (1897)
Onderzoek naar het verband tusschen den aard der rijstvoeding in de gevangenissen op Java en Madoera en het voorkomen van beri-beri onder de geïnterneerden. Batavia: Jav. Boekh. & Drukkerij.

View

Rivers WHR (1908)
The influence of alcohol and other drugs on fatigue. London: Edward Arnold.

View

Jansen H (1910)
Behandling med Radiumemanation særlig ved gigtiske Lidelser [Treatment with radium emanation especially with rheumatic diseases]. Ugeskrift for Læger 72:1333-48.

View

Freeman J (1910)
Vaccine therapy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 3:97-101.

View

Hollingworth HL (1911)
The influence of caffeine on mental and motor efficiency. Archives of Psychology/Columbia Contributions to Philosophy and Psychology 20:iii-v

View

Hewlett AW (1913)
Clinical effects of “natural” and “synthetic” sodium salicylate. JAMA 61:319-321.

View

Plass ED (1916)
Post partum care of perineum. Bulletin of Johns Hopkins Hospital 27:107-109.

View

Leake JP (1917)
Bacterial vaccine therapy. JAMA 69:631-632.

View

Von Sholly AI, Blum J, Smith L (1917)
The therapeutic value of pertussis vaccine in whooping cough. JAMA 68:1451-1456.

View

Sollmann T (1917)
The crucial test of therapeutic evidence. JAMA 69:198-199.

View

Bingel A (1918)
Über Behandlung der Diphtherie mit gewöhnlichem Pferdeserum [On the treatment of diphtheria with normal horse serum]. Deutsches Archiv für Klinische Medizin 125:284-332.

View

Freeman J (1929)
Discussion on the action and use of ephedrine. Proceeding of Royal Society of Medicine 22:1369.

View

Amberson JB, McMahon BT, Pinner M (1931)
A clinical trial of sanocrysin in pulmonary tuberculosis. American Review of Tuberculosis 24:401-435.

View

Martini P (1932)
Methodenlehre der Therapeutischen Untersuchung [Methodological principles for therapeutic investigations]. Berlin: Springer.

View

Evans W, Hoyle C (1933)
The comparative value of drugs used in the continuous treatment of angina pectoris. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 7:311-338.

View

Diehl HS (1933)
Medicinal treatment of the common cold. JAMA 101:2042-2049.

View

Evans W, Hoyle C (1934)
The prevention and treatment of individual attacks of angina pectoris (angina of effort). Quarterly Journal of Medicine 3:105-135.

View

Hediger E, Gold H (1935)
USP ether from large drums and ether from small cans labeled ‘For Anesthesia’. JAMA 104:2244-2448.

View

Corrigan JG, Strauss MB (1936)
The prevention of hypochromic anaemia in pregnancy. JAMA 106:1088-1090.

View

Field JW, Niven JC, Hodgkin EP (1937)
The prevention of malaria in the field by the use of quinine and atebrine. Bulletin of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations 6:236-290.

View

Gold H, Kwit NT, Otto H (1937)
The xanthines (theobromine and aminophyllin) in the treatment of cardiac pain. JAMA 108;2173-2179.

View

Wilbur DL, MacLean AR, Allen EV (1937)
Clinical observations on the effect of Benzedrine sulphate. JAMA 109:549-54.

View

Cookson H, Facey RV (1937)
Value of a specific serum in the treatment of typhoid fever. BMJ 1:1009-1012.

View

Hesseltine HC (1937)
Evaluation by controlled series of vaginal trichomoniasis therapies. JAMA 109:768-71.

View

Pratt JP, Thomas WL (1937)
The endocrine treatment of menopausal phenomena. JAMA 109:1875-1880.

View

Diehl HS, Baker AB, Cowan DW (1938)
Cold vaccines: an evaluation based on a controlled study. Journal of American Medical Association 111:1168-1173.

View

Bahnsen P, Jacobsen E, Thesleff H (1938)
Studien über die Wirkung von beta-phenyl-isopropylaminsulfdat (Mecodrin) auf normale Menschen. [Studies on the effect of beta-phenyl-isopropylaminsulfdat (Mecodrin) on normal volunteers]. Klinische Wochenschrift 17:1074-1078.

View

Master AM, Jaffe HL, Dack S (1939)
The drug treatment of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. American Journal of Medical Science 197:774-782.

View

Evans W, Loughman O (1939)
The drug treatment of hyperpiesia. British Heart Journal 1:199-228.

View

Dub LA, Lurie LA (1939)
Use of benzedrine in the depressed phase of the psychotic state. Ohio State Medical Journal 35:39-45.

View

Murless BC (1939)
Effect of follicular hormone on menopausal flushes. Lancet 233:1205-1206.

View

Sidell N, Abrams MI (1940)
Treatment of chronic arthritis. JAMA 144:1740-1742.

View

Miller M (1941)
Benzedrine sulphate in the treatment of nicotinism. Medical Record 2:590-593.

View

Bell JA (1941)
Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine. Public Health Reports 56:1535-1546.

View

Alstead S (1941)
Action of Bismuth Carbonate in gastric disease. Lancet 238: 420-423.

View

Hopkins WA (1943)
Patulin in the common cold. IV: Biological properties: extended trial in the common cold. Lancet 2:630-635.

View

Harper AA, MacKay IFS, Raper HS, Camm GL (1943)
Vitamins and physical fitness. BMJ 1:243–245.

View

British Homoeopathic Society (1943)
Report on mustard gas experiments (Glasgow and London). British Homoeopathic Journal 33:1-12.

View

Sigler LH, Tulgan J (1943)
Treatment of angina pectoris by testosterone propionate. New York State Journal of Medicine 43:1424-1428.

View

Stuart-Harris CH, Francis AE, Stansfeld JM (1943)
Patulin in the common cold. Lancet 2:684.

View

Payne WW (1943)
Vitamin C in school-children. Lancet 41:819-820.

View

Scadding JG (1944)
Comparative effects of sulphonamide drugs in mild bacillary dysentery. Lancet 1:784-786.

View

Medical Research Council (1944)
Clinical trial of patulin in the common cold. Lancet 2:373-5.

View

Fraser TN (1944)
Gold treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases. 4:71-75.

View

Stansfeld JM, Francis AE, Stuart-Harris CH (1944)
Laboratory and clinical trials of Patulin. Lancet 2:370-372.

View

Holling HE, McArdle B, Trotter WR (1944)
Prevention of seasickness by drugs. Lancet 243:127-129.

View

MacLeod CM, Hodges RG, Heidelberger M, Bernhard WG (1945)
Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunization with specific capsular polysaccharides. Journal of Experimental Medicine 82:445-465.

View

Hill IGW, Guest AI (1945)
Prevention of sea-sickness in assault craft. BMJ 2:6–11.

View

Bransby ER, Burn JL, Magee HE, MacKecknie DM (1946)
Effect of a daily vitamin supplement on the health and development of children. BMJ 1:193-197.

View

Sher N (1946)
Delayed menstruation: causes and treatment. BMJ 1:347 – 349.

View

Colebrook D (1946)
Artificial sunlight treatment in industry. MRC Industrial Health Research Board Report No. 89. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.

View

Jellinek EM (1946)
Clinical tests on comparative effectiveness of analgesic drugs. Biometric Bulletin 2:87-91.

View

Wills L, Hill G, Bingham K, Miall M, Wrigley J (1947)
Haemoglobin levels in pregnancy. The effect of the rationing scheme and routine administration of iron. British Journal of Nutrition 1:126-138.

View

Glickman I (1947)
The use of penicillin lozenges in the treatment of Vincent’s infection and other acute gingival inflammations. Journal of the American Dental Association 34:406-409.

View

Bell JA (1948)
Diphtheria immunization use of an alum-precipitated mixture of pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid. JAMA 137:1009-1016.

View

Elovainio E, Östling G (1948)
Observations on preoperative treatment with strophanthin. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae Fenniae 37:23-35.

View

Bakst H, Kissin M, Leibowitz S, Rinzler S (1948)
The effects of intravenous aminophylline on the capacity of effort without pain in patients with angina of effort. American Heart Journal 36:527-534.

View

Makinson DH, Oleesky S, Stone RV (1948)
Vitamin E in angina pectoris. Lancet 1:102.

View

Medical Research Council (1948)
Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a Medical Research Council investigation. BMJ 2:769-782.

View

Bell JA (1948)
Pertussis immunization use of two doses of an alum-precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. JAMA 137:1276-1281.

View

Bell JA (1948)
The epidemiological principles and procedures involved in a study of the prophylactic value of an alum-precipated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. Thesis submitted to the School of Hygiene and Public Health of the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Public Health.

View

Asher R (1948)
A method of testing analgesics. Lancet 2:771-3.

View

MRC Vitamin C subcommittee (1948)
Vitamin-C requirement of human adults. Experimental study of Vitamin-C deprivation in man. Lancet 251: 852-858.

View

Travell J, Rinzler SH, Bakst H, Benjamin ZH, Bobb AL (1949)
Comparison of effects of alpha-tocopherol and matching placebo on chest pain in patients with heart disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 52:345-53.

View

Carliner PE, Radman HM, Gay LN (1949)
Treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with Dramamine – preliminary report. Science 110:215-216.

View

Nitsch K (1949)
Ulcusleiden und vegetatives Nervensystem [Ulcer illness and the autonomic nervous system]. Medizinische Klinik 44:503-5.

View

Bingel A (1949)
Wirkt das Diphtherieheilserum bei der menschlichen Diphtheriekrankheit spezifisch durch seinen Antitoxingehalt oder unspezifisch [Does curative diphtheria serum act specifically through its anti-toxin content or non-specifically in human diphtheria]? Deutsche Medizische Wochenschrift 74:101-103.

View

Bignall JR, Crofton J (1949)
Antihistamine drugs in the treatment of nausea and vomiting due to streptomycin. BMJ 1:13-14.

View

Birk G, Böhm A (1950)
Leberextrakt als Roborans [Is liver extract a ‘tonic’]? Die Medizinische Welt 1:51-52.

View

Medical Research Council (1950)
Clinical trials of antihistaminic drugs in the prevention and treatment of the common cold. BMJ 2:425-431.

View

Quin CA, Mason RM, Knowelden J (1950)
Clinical assessment of rapidly acting agents in rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ 2:810-813.

View

Greiner T, Gold H, Cattel M, Travell J, Bakst H, Rinzler SH, Benjamin ZH, Warshaw LJ, Bobb AL, Kwit NT, Modell W, Rothendler HH, Messeloff CR, Kramer ML (1950)
A method for the evaluation of the effects of drugs on cardiac pain in patients with angina of effort. American Journal of Medicine 9: 143 - 155.

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Cartwright EW (1951)
Dramamine in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Western Journal of Surgery 59: 216-234.

View

Glaser EM, Hervey GR (1951)
The prevention of seasickness with hyoscine, Benadryl and Phenergan. Lancet 2:749-753.

View

Medical Research Council (1951)
The prevention of whooping-cough by vaccination. BMJ 1:1463-1471.

View

Neuwirth I, Chilton NW (1951)
The clinical effectiveness of different concentrations of procaine for mandibular extractions. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 4:383-387.

View

Hogben L, Sim M (1953)
The self-controlled and self-recorded clinical trial for low grade morbidity. British Journal of Preventative and Social Medicine 7,163-179.

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Livingston KE (1953)
Cingulate cortex isolation for the treatment of psychoses and psychoneuroses. Research Publications- Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases 31:374-8.

View

Hamilton M, Wilson GM, Armitage P, Boyd JT (1953)
The treatment of intermittent claudication with Vitamin E. Lancet 1: 367-370.

View

Conference on Therapy [Gold H] (1954)
How to evaluate a new drug. American Journal of Medicine 11:722-727.

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Hare EH (1955)
Comparative efficacy of hypnotics: a self-controlled, self-recorded clinical trial in neurotic patients. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 9:140-146.

View

Straus B, Eisenberg J, Gennis J (1955)
Hypnotic effects of an anti-histamine – methapyrilene hydrochloride. Annals of Internal Medicine 42:574-582.

View

Tebrock HE, Arminio JJ, Johnston JH (1956)
Usefulness of bioflavinoids and ascorbic acid in treatment of common cold. JAMA 162:1227-1233.

View

Franz WL, Sands GW, Heyl HL (1956)
Blood ascorbic acid level in bioflavinoid and ascorbic acid therapy of common cold. JAMA 162:1224-1226.

View

Comstock GW (1962)
Isoniazid prophylaxis in an undeveloped area. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 86:810-822.

View

Dudley Hart F, Boardman PL (1965)
Indomethacin and phenylbutazone: a comparison. BMJ 2:1281-1284.

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Wright V, Walker WC, McGuire RJ (1969)
Indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 28:157-162.

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Dürrigl T, Vitaus, Pucar I, Miko M (1975)
Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren): results of a multicentre comparative trial in adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of International Medical Research 3:139-44.

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Assaf RA, Dundee JW, Gamble JA (1975)
The influence of the route of administration on the clinical action of diazepam. Anesthesia 30:152-8.

View

Harding SM, Heath S (1976)
Intranasal steroid aerosol in perennial rhinitis: comparison with an antihistamine compound. Journal of Clinical Allergy 6:369-72.

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Beaver WT, Feise GA (1977)
A comparison of the analgesic effect of oxymorphone by rectal suppository and intramuscular injection in patients with postoperative pain. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 17:276-91.

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Gam F, Helles A, Andersen B (1977)
Hormonal treatment of climacteric complaints. A controlled, double-blind comparative study between 2 different types of sequential estrogen-gestagen preparations [in Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger 139:2808-12.

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Murphy JE (1977)
A comparative trial of Anafranil, Pertofran and an Anafranil/Pertofran combination. Journal of International Medical Research 5(1 Suppl):16-23.

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Wettrell K (1977)
Intraocular pressure reduction during treatment with pilocarpine and systemic propranolol. A comparative double-masked study. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 204:1-7.

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Rhind VM, Leatham PA, Wright V, Akbar FA, Downie WW (1978)
A comparative study of floctafenine (Idarac) and ibuprofen in the treatment of osteoarthrosis. Journal of International Medicial Research 2:11-13.

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Donald JF, Molla AL (1978)
A controlled study comparing a three times daily dose of chlordiazepoxide with a single night-time dose of Trancopal in the control of anxiety, using a double-blind, double-dummy technique. J Int Med Res 6:105-10.

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Blohmé G, Waldenström J (1979)
Glibenclamide and glipizide in maturity onset diabetes. A double-blind cross-over study. Acta Medica Scandinavica 206:263-7.

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Mirakhur RK, Dundee JW, Connolly JD (1979)
Studies of drugs given before anaesthesia. XVII: anticholinergic premedicants. British Journal of Anesthesia 51:339-45.

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Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) (1986)
Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 397-402.

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ISIS-2 (second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1988)
Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 332:349–360.

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Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG (1995)
Empirical evidence of bias: dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 273:408-412.

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Savović J, Jones HE, Altman DG, Harris RJ, Jüni P, Pildal J, Als-Nielsen B, Balk EM, Gluud C, Gluud LL, Ioannidis JPA, Schulz KF, Beynon R, Welton NJ, Wood L, Moher D, Deeks JJ, Sterne JAC (2012)
Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomized controlled trials. Annals of Internal Medicine 157:429-438.

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James Lind LibraryIllustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

ADDITIONAL METHODS - OBSERVER BIAS

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108 RECORDS

Commission Royale. Bailly A (1784) Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi, de l'examen du magnétisme animale [Report of the Comissioners required by the King to examine animal magnetism]. Imprimé par ordre du Roi. Paris: A Paris, de L'Imprimerie Royale.

Haygarth J (1800) Of the imagination, as a cause and as a cure of disorders of the body: exemplified by fictitious tractors, and epidemical convulsions. Bath: R. Crutwell.

Löhner G, on behalf of a Society of truth-loving men (1835) Die Homoöopathischen Kochsalzversuche zu Nürnberg [The homeopathic salt trials in Nurnberg]. Nürnberg in März.

Storke EF, Martin R, Rosenkrans EM, Ford J, Schloemilch A, McDermott GC, Carlson OW (1880) Final report of the Milwaukee test of the thirtieth dilution. Homoeopathic Times 7:12/280-1.

Behring EA, Boer NN, Kossel H (1893) Zur Behandlung diphtheriekranker Menschen mit Diphtherieheilserum [On the treatment of diphtheria patients with curative diphtheria serum]. Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift 17:389-39.

Pregl F (1896) Zwei weitere ergographische Versuchsreihen über die Wirkung orchistischen Extraktes [Two further ergographic experimental series on the effects of testicular extracts]. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie 62:379-399.

Vorderman AG (1897) Onderzoek naar het verband tusschen den aard der rijstvoeding in de gevangenissen op Java en Madoera en het voorkomen van beri-beri onder de geïnterneerden. Batavia: Jav. Boekh. & Drukkerij.

Rivers WHR (1908) The influence of alcohol and other drugs on fatigue. London: Edward Arnold.

Jansen H (1910) Behandling med Radiumemanation særlig ved gigtiske Lidelser [Treatment with radium emanation especially with rheumatic diseases]. Ugeskrift for Læger 72:1333-48.

Freeman J (1910) Vaccine therapy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 3:97-101.

Hollingworth HL (1911) The influence of caffeine on mental and motor efficiency. Archives of Psychology/Columbia Contributions to Philosophy and Psychology 20:iii-v

Hewlett AW (1913) Clinical effects of “natural” and “synthetic” sodium salicylate. JAMA 61:319-321.

Plass ED (1916) Post partum care of perineum. Bulletin of Johns Hopkins Hospital 27:107-109.

Leake JP (1917) Bacterial vaccine therapy. JAMA 69:631-632.

Von Sholly AI, Blum J, Smith L (1917) The therapeutic value of pertussis vaccine in whooping cough. JAMA 68:1451-1456.

Sollmann T (1917) The crucial test of therapeutic evidence. JAMA 69:198-199.

Bingel A (1918) Über Behandlung der Diphtherie mit gewöhnlichem Pferdeserum [On the treatment of diphtheria with normal horse serum]. Deutsches Archiv für Klinische Medizin 125:284-332.

Freeman J (1929) Discussion on the action and use of ephedrine. Proceeding of Royal Society of Medicine 22:1369.

Amberson JB, McMahon BT, Pinner M (1931) A clinical trial of sanocrysin in pulmonary tuberculosis. American Review of Tuberculosis 24:401-435.

Martini P (1932) Methodenlehre der Therapeutischen Untersuchung [Methodological principles for therapeutic investigations]. Berlin: Springer.

Evans W, Hoyle C (1933) The comparative value of drugs used in the continuous treatment of angina pectoris. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 7:311-338.

Diehl HS (1933) Medicinal treatment of the common cold. JAMA 101:2042-2049.

Evans W, Hoyle C (1934) The prevention and treatment of individual attacks of angina pectoris (angina of effort). Quarterly Journal of Medicine 3:105-135.

Hediger E, Gold H (1935) USP ether from large drums and ether from small cans labeled ‘For Anesthesia’. JAMA 104:2244-2448.

Corrigan JG, Strauss MB (1936) The prevention of hypochromic anaemia in pregnancy. JAMA 106:1088-1090.

Field JW, Niven JC, Hodgkin EP (1937) The prevention of malaria in the field by the use of quinine and atebrine. Bulletin of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations 6:236-290.

Gold H, Kwit NT, Otto H (1937) The xanthines (theobromine and aminophyllin) in the treatment of cardiac pain. JAMA 108;2173-2179.

Wilbur DL, MacLean AR, Allen EV (1937) Clinical observations on the effect of Benzedrine sulphate. JAMA 109:549-54.

Cookson H, Facey RV (1937) Value of a specific serum in the treatment of typhoid fever. BMJ 1:1009-1012.

Hesseltine HC (1937) Evaluation by controlled series of vaginal trichomoniasis therapies. JAMA 109:768-71.

Pratt JP, Thomas WL (1937) The endocrine treatment of menopausal phenomena. JAMA 109:1875-1880.

Diehl HS, Baker AB, Cowan DW (1938) Cold vaccines: an evaluation based on a controlled study. Journal of American Medical Association 111:1168-1173.

Bahnsen P, Jacobsen E, Thesleff H (1938) Studien über die Wirkung von beta-phenyl-isopropylaminsulfdat (Mecodrin) auf normale Menschen. [Studies on the effect of beta-phenyl-isopropylaminsulfdat (Mecodrin) on normal volunteers]. Klinische Wochenschrift 17:1074-1078.

Master AM, Jaffe HL, Dack S (1939) The drug treatment of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. American Journal of Medical Science 197:774-782.

Evans W, Loughman O (1939) The drug treatment of hyperpiesia. British Heart Journal 1:199-228.

Dub LA, Lurie LA (1939) Use of benzedrine in the depressed phase of the psychotic state. Ohio State Medical Journal 35:39-45.

Murless BC (1939) Effect of follicular hormone on menopausal flushes. Lancet 233:1205-1206.

Sidell N, Abrams MI (1940) Treatment of chronic arthritis. JAMA 144:1740-1742.

Miller M (1941) Benzedrine sulphate in the treatment of nicotinism. Medical Record 2:590-593.

Bell JA (1941) Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine. Public Health Reports 56:1535-1546.

Alstead S (1941) Action of Bismuth Carbonate in gastric disease. Lancet 238: 420-423.

Hopkins WA (1943) Patulin in the common cold. IV: Biological properties: extended trial in the common cold. Lancet 2:630-635.

Harper AA, MacKay IFS, Raper HS, Camm GL (1943) Vitamins and physical fitness. BMJ 1:243–245.

British Homoeopathic Society (1943) Report on mustard gas experiments (Glasgow and London). British Homoeopathic Journal 33:1-12.

Sigler LH, Tulgan J (1943) Treatment of angina pectoris by testosterone propionate. New York State Journal of Medicine 43:1424-1428.

Stuart-Harris CH, Francis AE, Stansfeld JM (1943) Patulin in the common cold. Lancet 2:684.

Payne WW (1943) Vitamin C in school-children. Lancet 41:819-820.

Scadding JG (1944) Comparative effects of sulphonamide drugs in mild bacillary dysentery. Lancet 1:784-786.

Medical Research Council (1944) Clinical trial of patulin in the common cold. Lancet 2:373-5.

Fraser TN (1944) Gold treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases. 4:71-75.

Stansfeld JM, Francis AE, Stuart-Harris CH (1944) Laboratory and clinical trials of Patulin. Lancet 2:370-372.

Holling HE, McArdle B, Trotter WR (1944) Prevention of seasickness by drugs. Lancet 243:127-129.

MacLeod CM, Hodges RG, Heidelberger M, Bernhard WG (1945) Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunization with specific capsular polysaccharides. Journal of Experimental Medicine 82:445-465.

Hill IGW, Guest AI (1945) Prevention of sea-sickness in assault craft. BMJ 2:6–11.

Bransby ER, Burn JL, Magee HE, MacKecknie DM (1946) Effect of a daily vitamin supplement on the health and development of children. BMJ 1:193-197.

Sher N (1946) Delayed menstruation: causes and treatment. BMJ 1:347 – 349.

Colebrook D (1946) Artificial sunlight treatment in industry. MRC Industrial Health Research Board Report No. 89. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.

Jellinek EM (1946) Clinical tests on comparative effectiveness of analgesic drugs. Biometric Bulletin 2:87-91.

Wills L, Hill G, Bingham K, Miall M, Wrigley J (1947) Haemoglobin levels in pregnancy. The effect of the rationing scheme and routine administration of iron. British Journal of Nutrition 1:126-138.

Glickman I (1947) The use of penicillin lozenges in the treatment of Vincent’s infection and other acute gingival inflammations. Journal of the American Dental Association 34:406-409.

Bell JA (1948) Diphtheria immunization use of an alum-precipitated mixture of pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid. JAMA 137:1009-1016.

Elovainio E, Östling G (1948) Observations on preoperative treatment with strophanthin. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae Fenniae 37:23-35.

Bakst H, Kissin M, Leibowitz S, Rinzler S (1948) The effects of intravenous aminophylline on the capacity of effort without pain in patients with angina of effort. American Heart Journal 36:527-534.

Makinson DH, Oleesky S, Stone RV (1948) Vitamin E in angina pectoris. Lancet 1:102.

Medical Research Council (1948) Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a Medical Research Council investigation. BMJ 2:769-782.

Bell JA (1948) Pertussis immunization use of two doses of an alum-precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. JAMA 137:1276-1281.

Asher R (1948) A method of testing analgesics. Lancet 2:771-3.

MRC Vitamin C subcommittee (1948) Vitamin-C requirement of human adults. Experimental study of Vitamin-C deprivation in man. Lancet 251: 852-858.

Travell J, Rinzler SH, Bakst H, Benjamin ZH, Bobb AL (1949) Comparison of effects of alpha-tocopherol and matching placebo on chest pain in patients with heart disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 52:345-53.

Carliner PE, Radman HM, Gay LN (1949) Treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with Dramamine – preliminary report. Science 110:215-216.

Nitsch K (1949) Ulcusleiden und vegetatives Nervensystem [Ulcer illness and the autonomic nervous system]. Medizinische Klinik 44:503-5.

Bignall JR, Crofton J (1949) Antihistamine drugs in the treatment of nausea and vomiting due to streptomycin. BMJ 1:13-14.

Birk G, Böhm A (1950) Leberextrakt als Roborans [Is liver extract a ‘tonic’]? Die Medizinische Welt 1:51-52.

Medical Research Council (1950) Clinical trials of antihistaminic drugs in the prevention and treatment of the common cold. BMJ 2:425-431.

Quin CA, Mason RM, Knowelden J (1950) Clinical assessment of rapidly acting agents in rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ 2:810-813.

Cartwright EW (1951) Dramamine in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Western Journal of Surgery 59: 216-234.

James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

Commission Royale. Bailly A (1784)
Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi, de l'examen du magnétisme animale [Report of the Comissioners required by the King to examine animal magnetism]. Imprimé par ordre du Roi. Paris: A Paris, de L'Imprimerie Royale.

Haygarth J (1800)
Of the imagination, as a cause and as a cure of disorders of the body: exemplified by fictitious tractors, and epidemical convulsions. Bath: R. Crutwell.

Löhner G, on behalf of a Society of truth-loving men (1835)
Die Homoöopathischen Kochsalzversuche zu Nürnberg [The homeopathic salt trials in Nurnberg]. Nürnberg in März.

Storke EF, Martin R, Rosenkrans EM, Ford J, Schloemilch A, McDermott GC, Carlson OW (1880)
Final report of the Milwaukee test of the thirtieth dilution. Homoeopathic Times 7:12/280-1.

Behring EA, Boer NN, Kossel H (1893)
Zur Behandlung diphtheriekranker Menschen mit Diphtherieheilserum [On the treatment of diphtheria patients with curative diphtheria serum]. Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift 17:389-39.

Pregl F (1896)
Zwei weitere ergographische Versuchsreihen über die Wirkung orchistischen Extraktes [Two further ergographic experimental series on the effects of testicular extracts]. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie 62:379-399.

Vorderman AG (1897)
Onderzoek naar het verband tusschen den aard der rijstvoeding in de gevangenissen op Java en Madoera en het voorkomen van beri-beri onder de geïnterneerden. Batavia: Jav. Boekh. & Drukkerij.

Rivers WHR (1908)
The influence of alcohol and other drugs on fatigue. London: Edward Arnold.

Jansen H (1910)
Behandling med Radiumemanation særlig ved gigtiske Lidelser [Treatment with radium emanation especially with rheumatic diseases]. Ugeskrift for Læger 72:1333-48.

Freeman J (1910)
Vaccine therapy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 3:97-101.

Hollingworth HL (1911)
The influence of caffeine on mental and motor efficiency. Archives of Psychology/Columbia Contributions to Philosophy and Psychology 20:iii-v

Hewlett AW (1913)
Clinical effects of “natural” and “synthetic” sodium salicylate. JAMA 61:319-321.

Plass ED (1916)
Post partum care of perineum. Bulletin of Johns Hopkins Hospital 27:107-109.

Leake JP (1917)
Bacterial vaccine therapy. JAMA 69:631-632.

Von Sholly AI, Blum J, Smith L (1917)
The therapeutic value of pertussis vaccine in whooping cough. JAMA 68:1451-1456.

Sollmann T (1917)
The crucial test of therapeutic evidence. JAMA 69:198-199.

Bingel A (1918)
Über Behandlung der Diphtherie mit gewöhnlichem Pferdeserum [On the treatment of diphtheria with normal horse serum]. Deutsches Archiv für Klinische Medizin 125:284-332.

Freeman J (1929)
Discussion on the action and use of ephedrine. Proceeding of Royal Society of Medicine 22:1369.

Amberson JB, McMahon BT, Pinner M (1931)
A clinical trial of sanocrysin in pulmonary tuberculosis. American Review of Tuberculosis 24:401-435.

Martini P (1932)
Methodenlehre der Therapeutischen Untersuchung [Methodological principles for therapeutic investigations]. Berlin: Springer.

Evans W, Hoyle C (1933)
The comparative value of drugs used in the continuous treatment of angina pectoris. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 7:311-338.

Diehl HS (1933)
Medicinal treatment of the common cold. JAMA 101:2042-2049.

Evans W, Hoyle C (1934)
The prevention and treatment of individual attacks of angina pectoris (angina of effort). Quarterly Journal of Medicine 3:105-135.

Hediger E, Gold H (1935)
USP ether from large drums and ether from small cans labeled ‘For Anesthesia’. JAMA 104:2244-2448.

Corrigan JG, Strauss MB (1936)
The prevention of hypochromic anaemia in pregnancy. JAMA 106:1088-1090.

Field JW, Niven JC, Hodgkin EP (1937)
The prevention of malaria in the field by the use of quinine and atebrine. Bulletin of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations 6:236-290.

Gold H, Kwit NT, Otto H (1937)
The xanthines (theobromine and aminophyllin) in the treatment of cardiac pain. JAMA 108;2173-2179.

Wilbur DL, MacLean AR, Allen EV (1937)
Clinical observations on the effect of Benzedrine sulphate. JAMA 109:549-54.

Cookson H, Facey RV (1937)
Value of a specific serum in the treatment of typhoid fever. BMJ 1:1009-1012.

Hesseltine HC (1937)
Evaluation by controlled series of vaginal trichomoniasis therapies. JAMA 109:768-71.

Pratt JP, Thomas WL (1937)
The endocrine treatment of menopausal phenomena. JAMA 109:1875-1880.

Diehl HS, Baker AB, Cowan DW (1938)
Cold vaccines: an evaluation based on a controlled study. Journal of American Medical Association 111:1168-1173.

Bahnsen P, Jacobsen E, Thesleff H (1938)
Studien über die Wirkung von beta-phenyl-isopropylaminsulfdat (Mecodrin) auf normale Menschen. [Studies on the effect of beta-phenyl-isopropylaminsulfdat (Mecodrin) on normal volunteers]. Klinische Wochenschrift 17:1074-1078.

Master AM, Jaffe HL, Dack S (1939)
The drug treatment of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. American Journal of Medical Science 197:774-782.

Evans W, Loughman O (1939)
The drug treatment of hyperpiesia. British Heart Journal 1:199-228.

Dub LA, Lurie LA (1939)
Use of benzedrine in the depressed phase of the psychotic state. Ohio State Medical Journal 35:39-45.

Murless BC (1939)
Effect of follicular hormone on menopausal flushes. Lancet 233:1205-1206.

Sidell N, Abrams MI (1940)
Treatment of chronic arthritis. JAMA 144:1740-1742.

Miller M (1941)
Benzedrine sulphate in the treatment of nicotinism. Medical Record 2:590-593.

Bell JA (1941)
Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine. Public Health Reports 56:1535-1546.

Alstead S (1941)
Action of Bismuth Carbonate in gastric disease. Lancet 238: 420-423.

Hopkins WA (1943)
Patulin in the common cold. IV: Biological properties: extended trial in the common cold. Lancet 2:630-635.

Harper AA, MacKay IFS, Raper HS, Camm GL (1943)
Vitamins and physical fitness. BMJ 1:243–245.

British Homoeopathic Society (1943)
Report on mustard gas experiments (Glasgow and London). British Homoeopathic Journal 33:1-12.

Sigler LH, Tulgan J (1943)
Treatment of angina pectoris by testosterone propionate. New York State Journal of Medicine 43:1424-1428.

Stuart-Harris CH, Francis AE, Stansfeld JM (1943)
Patulin in the common cold. Lancet 2:684.

Payne WW (1943)
Vitamin C in school-children. Lancet 41:819-820.

Scadding JG (1944)
Comparative effects of sulphonamide drugs in mild bacillary dysentery. Lancet 1:784-786.

Medical Research Council (1944)
Clinical trial of patulin in the common cold. Lancet 2:373-5.

Fraser TN (1944)
Gold treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases. 4:71-75.

Stansfeld JM, Francis AE, Stuart-Harris CH (1944)
Laboratory and clinical trials of Patulin. Lancet 2:370-372.

Holling HE, McArdle B, Trotter WR (1944)
Prevention of seasickness by drugs. Lancet 243:127-129.

MacLeod CM, Hodges RG, Heidelberger M, Bernhard WG (1945)
Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunization with specific capsular polysaccharides. Journal of Experimental Medicine 82:445-465.

Hill IGW, Guest AI (1945)
Prevention of sea-sickness in assault craft. BMJ 2:6–11.

Bransby ER, Burn JL, Magee HE, MacKecknie DM (1946)
Effect of a daily vitamin supplement on the health and development of children. BMJ 1:193-197.

Sher N (1946)
Delayed menstruation: causes and treatment. BMJ 1:347 – 349.

Colebrook D (1946)
Artificial sunlight treatment in industry. MRC Industrial Health Research Board Report No. 89. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.

Jellinek EM (1946)
Clinical tests on comparative effectiveness of analgesic drugs. Biometric Bulletin 2:87-91.

Wills L, Hill G, Bingham K, Miall M, Wrigley J (1947)
Haemoglobin levels in pregnancy. The effect of the rationing scheme and routine administration of iron. British Journal of Nutrition 1:126-138.

Glickman I (1947)
The use of penicillin lozenges in the treatment of Vincent’s infection and other acute gingival inflammations. Journal of the American Dental Association 34:406-409.

Bell JA (1948)
Diphtheria immunization use of an alum-precipitated mixture of pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid. JAMA 137:1009-1016.

Elovainio E, Östling G (1948)
Observations on preoperative treatment with strophanthin. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae Fenniae 37:23-35.

Bakst H, Kissin M, Leibowitz S, Rinzler S (1948)
The effects of intravenous aminophylline on the capacity of effort without pain in patients with angina of effort. American Heart Journal 36:527-534.

Makinson DH, Oleesky S, Stone RV (1948)
Vitamin E in angina pectoris. Lancet 1:102.

Medical Research Council (1948)
Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a Medical Research Council investigation. BMJ 2:769-782.

Bell JA (1948)
Pertussis immunization use of two doses of an alum-precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. JAMA 137:1276-1281.

Asher R (1948)
A method of testing analgesics. Lancet 2:771-3.

MRC Vitamin C subcommittee (1948)
Vitamin-C requirement of human adults. Experimental study of Vitamin-C deprivation in man. Lancet 251: 852-858.

Travell J, Rinzler SH, Bakst H, Benjamin ZH, Bobb AL (1949)
Comparison of effects of alpha-tocopherol and matching placebo on chest pain in patients with heart disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 52:345-53.

Carliner PE, Radman HM, Gay LN (1949)
Treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with Dramamine – preliminary report. Science 110:215-216.

Nitsch K (1949)
Ulcusleiden und vegetatives Nervensystem [Ulcer illness and the autonomic nervous system]. Medizinische Klinik 44:503-5.

Bignall JR, Crofton J (1949)
Antihistamine drugs in the treatment of nausea and vomiting due to streptomycin. BMJ 1:13-14.

Birk G, Böhm A (1950)
Leberextrakt als Roborans [Is liver extract a ‘tonic’]? Die Medizinische Welt 1:51-52.

Medical Research Council (1950)
Clinical trials of antihistaminic drugs in the prevention and treatment of the common cold. BMJ 2:425-431.

Quin CA, Mason RM, Knowelden J (1950)
Clinical assessment of rapidly acting agents in rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ 2:810-813.

Cartwright EW (1951)
Dramamine in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Western Journal of Surgery 59: 216-234.

Glaser EM, Hervey GR (1951)
The prevention of seasickness with hyoscine, Benadryl and Phenergan. Lancet 2:749-753.

Medical Research Council (1951)
The prevention of whooping-cough by vaccination. BMJ 1:1463-1471.

Neuwirth I, Chilton NW (1951)
The clinical effectiveness of different concentrations of procaine for mandibular extractions. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 4:383-387.