Assessing the play of chance Archives - The James Lind Library The James Lind Library

Lavoisier A-L de (1784)
Undated documents contained in: Mémoires de Lavoisier, Oeuvres, Tome III. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1865. p 509.

View

Louis PCA (1835)
Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dans quelques maladies inflammatoires et sur l'action de l'émétique et des vésicatoires dans la pneumonie [Research on the effects of bloodletting in some inflammatory illnesses and on the action of emetics and blistering in pneumonia]. Paris: Librairie de l'Académie royale de médecine.

View

Gavarret LDJ (1840)
Principes généraux de statistique médicale: ou développement des régles qui doivent présider à son emploi [General principles of medical statistics: or the development of rules that must govern their use]. Paris: Bechet jeune & Labé.

View

Bartlett E (1844)
An essay on the philosophy of medical science. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.

View

Balfour TG (1854)
Quoted in West C. Lectures on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood. London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, p 600.

View

Treatment Committee of the Medical Council (1855)
Report on the results of the different methods of treatment pursued in epidemic cholera. [Metropolitan Report and Report on the Provinces throughout England and Scotland]. Report to the General Board of Health. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

View

Airy GB (1861)
On the algebraical and numerical theory of errors of observations and the combination of observations. Cambridge: MacMillan and Co.

View

Bain A (1870)
Logic. London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer p 362.

View

Ephraim A (1893)
Uber die Bedeutung de statistischen Methode für die Medicin [On the relevance of the statistical method for medicine]. Volkmann’s Sammlung Klinische Vortraege N.F. Innere Medicin 24:706-716. Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel.

View

Heiberg P (1897)
Studier over den statistiske undersøgelsesmetode som hjælpemiddel ved terapeutiske undersøgelser [Studies on the statistical study design as an aid in therapeutic trials]. Bibliotek for Læger 89:1-40.

View

Davenport CB (1899)
Statistical methods, with special reference to biological variation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

View

Pearson K (1904)
Report on certain enteric fever inoculation statistics. BMJ 3:1243-1246.

View

Alt K (1909)
Behandlungsversuche mit Arsenophenylglyzin bei Paralytikern [Treatment experiments with arsenophenylglycine in paralytics]. Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 56:1457-1459.

View

Advisory Committee on Plague Investigations in India (1912)
The serum treatment of human plague. Journal of Hygiene. Plague Supplement II, LVI:326-39.

View

Pearl R (1919)
A statistical discussion of the relative efficacy of different methods of treating pneumonia. Archives of Internal Medicine 24:398-403.

View

Locke EA (1924)
The serologic treatment of lobar pneumonia. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 190:196-203.

View

Ferry NS, Gordon EJ, Munro FW, Steele AH, Fisher LW (1928)
Clinical results with measles streptococcus toxin and antitoxin. JAMA 91:1277-1280.

View

Park WH, Bullowa JGM, Rosenbluth NM (1928)
The treatment of lobar pneumonia with refined specific antibacterial serum. JAMA 91:1503-1508.

View

Bullowa JGM (1928)
The control. Contribution to a symposium on the use of antipneumococcic refined serum in lobar pneumonia, 15 December 1927. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Sciences 4:339-343.

View

Bullowa JGM (1928)
Use of antipneumococcic refined serum in lobar pneumonia: data necessary for a comparison between cases treated with serum and cases not so treated, and the importance of a significant control series of cases. JAMA 90: 1354-1358.

View

Bullowa JGM (1929)
The serum treatment and its evaluation in lobar pneumonia. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 5:328-362.

View

Woods HM, Russell WT (1931)
An introduction to medical statistics. London: Staples Press.

View

Ellison JB (1932)
Intensive vitamin therapy in measles. BMJ 2:708-711.

View

Greenwood M (1934)
Epidemics and crowd-diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

View

Gilliam AG, Onstott RH (1936)
Results of field studies with poliomyelitis vaccine. American Journal of Public Health 26:113-118.

View

Theobald GW (1937)
Effect of calcium and vitamin A and D on incidence of pregnancy toxaemia. Lancet 2:1397-1399.

View

Bullowa JGM (1937)
Serum therapy. In: Bullowa JGM. The management of the pneumonias. New York: Oxford University Press, pp 283-298.

View

Snodgrass WR, Anderson T (1937)
Sulphanilamide in the treatment of erysipelas: a controlled series of 270 cases. BMJ 2:1156-9.

View

Aykroyd WR, Krishnan RSBG (1938)
Effect of calcium lactate on children in a nursery school. Lancet 2:153-155.

View

Kendrick P, Eldering G (1939)
A study in active immunization against pertussis. American Journal of Hygiene 29 Sec. B:133-153.

View

Price MR (1940)
Effects of a supplement of vitamin B (adsorbate) on the growth of infants. BMJ 2:80-82.

View

Lindquist EF (1940)
Statistical analysis in educational research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

View

Dahlberg G (1940)
Statistical methods for medical and biological students. London: George Allen & Unwin.

View

Bell JA (1941)
Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine. Public Health Reports 56:1535-1546.

View

Mackenna RMB, Cooper-Willis ES (1945)
Impetigo contagiosa in the army, treated with microcrystalline sulphathiazole. Lancet 2:357-358.

View

Mainland D (1948)
Statistical methods in medical research. Canadian Journal of Research E, 26:1-166.

View

Bell JA (1948)
Diphtheria immunization use of an alum-precipitated mixture of pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid. JAMA 137:1009-1016.

View

Bell JA (1948)
Pertussis immunization use of two doses of an alum-precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. JAMA 137:1276-1281.

View

Bell JA (1948)
The epidemiological principles and procedures involved in a study of the prophylactic value of an alum-precipated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. Thesis submitted to the School of Hygiene and Public Health of the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Public Health.

View

Reid DD (1950)
Statistics in clinical research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 52:931-934.

View

Bernstein L, Weatherall M (1952)
Statistics for medical and other biological students. London: E & S Livingstone.

View

Bross I (1952)
Sequential medical plans. Biometrics 8:188-205.

View

Hamilton M, Wilson GM, Armitage P, Boyd JT (1953)
The treatment of intermittent claudication with Vitamin E. Lancet 1: 367-370.

View

Kilpatrick GS, Oldham PD (1954)
Calcium chloride and adrenaline as bronchial dilators compared by sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1388-1391.

View

Miall WE, Oldham PD, Cochrane AL (1954)
The treatment of complicated pneumoconiosis with isoniazid. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 11:186-191.

View

Tebrock HE, Arminio JJ, Johnston JH (1956)
Usefulness of bioflavinoids and ascorbic acid in treatment of common cold. JAMA 162:1227-1233.

View

Newton DRL, Tanner JM (1956)
N-acetyl-para-aminophenol as an analgesic. A controlled clinical trial using the method of sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1096-9.

View

Snell ES, Armitage P (1957)
Clinical comparison of diamorphine and pholcodine as cough suppressants by a new method of sequential analysis. Lancet 1:860-862

View

Watkinson G (1958)
Treatment of ulcerative colitis with topical hydrocortisone hemisuccinate sodium. A controlled trial employing restricted sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1077-82.

View

Robertson JD, Armitage P (1959)
Report of a clinical trial to compare two hypotensive agents. Anaesthesia 14:53-64.

View

Greenhouse SW (1959)
Discussion following Kramer M, Greenhouse SW. Determination of sample size and selection of cases. In: Cole JO, Gerard RW (eds). Psychopharmacology. Problems in Evaluation. National Academy of Sciences, Publication 583, Washington DC, p 371.

View

Zubrod CG, Schneiderman M, Frei E, Brindley C, Gold GL, Shnider B, Oviedo R, Gorman J, Jones R, Jonsson U, Colsky J, Chalmers T, Ferguson B, Dederick M, Holland J, Selawry O, Regelson W, Lasagna L, Owens AH (1960)
Appraisal of methods for the study of chemotherapy in man: Comparative therapeutic trial of nitrogen mustard and thiophosphoramide. Journal of Chronic Diseases 11:7-33.

View

Armitage P (1960)
Sequential medical trials. Oxford: Blackwell.

View

Cohen J (1962)
The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: a review. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 65:145-153.

View

Truelove SC, Watkinson G, Draper G (1962)
Comparison of corticosteroid and sulphasalazine therapy in ulcerative colitis. BMJ 2:1708-1711.

View

Percy JS, Stephenson P, Thompson M (1964)
Indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 28:157-162.

View

Farquhar JW (1978)
The community-based model of life style intervention trials. American Journal of Epidemiology 108:103-111.

View

Freiman JA, Chalmers TC, Smith H, Kuebler RR (1978)
The importance of beta, the type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial. Survey of 71 "negative" trials. New England Journal of Medicine 299:690-94.

View

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) (1986)
Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 397-402.

View

ISIS-2 (second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1988)
Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 332:349–360.

View

Chalmers TC (1988)
Data analysis for clinical medicine: the quantitative approach to patient care in gastroenterology. Rome: International University Press.

View

Donner A, Brown KS, Brasher P (1990)
A methodological review of non-therapeutic intervention trials employing cluster randomization, 1979-1989. International Journal of Epidemiology 19:795-800.

View

Simpson JM, Klar N, Donner A (1995)
Accounting for cluster randomization: a review of primary prevention trials, 1990 through 1993. American Journal of Public Health 85:1378-1383.

View

Montori VM, Devereaux PJ, Adhikari NK, Burns KE, Eggert CH, Briel M, Lacchetti C, Leung TW, Darling E, Bryant DM, Bucher HC, Schunemann HJ, Meade MO, Cook DJ, Erwin PJ, Sood A, Sood R, Lo B, Thompson CA, Zhou Q, Mills E, Guyatt GH (2005)
Randomized trials stopped early for benefit: a systematic review. JAMA 294:2203-2209.

View

Trotta F, Apolone G, Garattini S, Tafuri G (2008)
Stopping a trial early in oncology: for patients or for industry? Annals of Oncology Feb 29; doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn042.

View

Kramer MS, Martin RM, Sterne JA, Shapiro S, Mourad D, Platt RW (2009)
The double jeopardy of clustered measurement and cluster randomisation. BMJ 339:503-505.

View

Bassler D, Briel M, Montori VM, Lane M, Glasziou P, Zhou Q, Heels-Ansdell D, Walter SD, Guyatt GH; STOPIT-2 Study Group (2010)
Stopping randomized trials early for benefit and estimation of treatment effects: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. JAMA. 303:1180-7.

View

James Lind LibraryIllustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

ADDITIONAL METHODS - ASSESSING THE PLAY OF CHANCE

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67 RECORDS

Lavoisier A-L de (1784) Undated documents contained in: Mémoires de Lavoisier, Oeuvres, Tome III. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1865. p 509.

Gavarret LDJ (1840) Principes généraux de statistique médicale: ou développement des régles qui doivent présider à son emploi [General principles of medical statistics: or the development of rules that must govern their use]. Paris: Bechet jeune & Labé.

Bartlett E (1844) An essay on the philosophy of medical science. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.

Balfour TG (1854) Quoted in West C. Lectures on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood. London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, p 600.

Airy GB (1861) On the algebraical and numerical theory of errors of observations and the combination of observations. Cambridge: MacMillan and Co.

Bain A (1870) Logic. London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer p 362.

Ephraim A (1893) Uber die Bedeutung de statistischen Methode für die Medicin [On the relevance of the statistical method for medicine]. Volkmann’s Sammlung Klinische Vortraege N.F. Innere Medicin 24:706-716. Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel.

Heiberg P (1897) Studier over den statistiske undersøgelsesmetode som hjælpemiddel ved terapeutiske undersøgelser [Studies on the statistical study design as an aid in therapeutic trials]. Bibliotek for Læger 89:1-40.

Davenport CB (1899) Statistical methods, with special reference to biological variation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Pearson K (1904) Report on certain enteric fever inoculation statistics. BMJ 3:1243-1246.

Alt K (1909) Behandlungsversuche mit Arsenophenylglyzin bei Paralytikern [Treatment experiments with arsenophenylglycine in paralytics]. Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 56:1457-1459.

Advisory Committee on Plague Investigations in India (1912) The serum treatment of human plague. Journal of Hygiene. Plague Supplement II, LVI:326-39.

Pearl R (1919) A statistical discussion of the relative efficacy of different methods of treating pneumonia. Archives of Internal Medicine 24:398-403.

Locke EA (1924) The serologic treatment of lobar pneumonia. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 190:196-203.

Ferry NS, Gordon EJ, Munro FW, Steele AH, Fisher LW (1928) Clinical results with measles streptococcus toxin and antitoxin. JAMA 91:1277-1280.

Park WH, Bullowa JGM, Rosenbluth NM (1928) The treatment of lobar pneumonia with refined specific antibacterial serum. JAMA 91:1503-1508.

Bullowa JGM (1928) The control. Contribution to a symposium on the use of antipneumococcic refined serum in lobar pneumonia, 15 December 1927. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Sciences 4:339-343.

Bullowa JGM (1928) Use of antipneumococcic refined serum in lobar pneumonia: data necessary for a comparison between cases treated with serum and cases not so treated, and the importance of a significant control series of cases. JAMA 90: 1354-1358.

Bullowa JGM (1929) The serum treatment and its evaluation in lobar pneumonia. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 5:328-362.

Woods HM, Russell WT (1931) An introduction to medical statistics. London: Staples Press.

Ellison JB (1932) Intensive vitamin therapy in measles. BMJ 2:708-711.

Greenwood M (1934) Epidemics and crowd-diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gilliam AG, Onstott RH (1936) Results of field studies with poliomyelitis vaccine. American Journal of Public Health 26:113-118.

Theobald GW (1937) Effect of calcium and vitamin A and D on incidence of pregnancy toxaemia. Lancet 2:1397-1399.

Bullowa JGM (1937) Serum therapy. In: Bullowa JGM. The management of the pneumonias. New York: Oxford University Press, pp 283-298.

Snodgrass WR, Anderson T (1937) Sulphanilamide in the treatment of erysipelas: a controlled series of 270 cases. BMJ 2:1156-9.

Aykroyd WR, Krishnan RSBG (1938) Effect of calcium lactate on children in a nursery school. Lancet 2:153-155.

Kendrick P, Eldering G (1939) A study in active immunization against pertussis. American Journal of Hygiene 29 Sec. B:133-153.

Price MR (1940) Effects of a supplement of vitamin B (adsorbate) on the growth of infants. BMJ 2:80-82.

Lindquist EF (1940) Statistical analysis in educational research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Dahlberg G (1940) Statistical methods for medical and biological students. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Bell JA (1941) Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine. Public Health Reports 56:1535-1546.

Mackenna RMB, Cooper-Willis ES (1945) Impetigo contagiosa in the army, treated with microcrystalline sulphathiazole. Lancet 2:357-358.

Mainland D (1948) Statistical methods in medical research. Canadian Journal of Research E, 26:1-166.

Bell JA (1948) Diphtheria immunization use of an alum-precipitated mixture of pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid. JAMA 137:1009-1016.

Bell JA (1948) Pertussis immunization use of two doses of an alum-precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. JAMA 137:1276-1281.

Reid DD (1950) Statistics in clinical research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 52:931-934.

Bernstein L, Weatherall M (1952) Statistics for medical and other biological students. London: E & S Livingstone.

Bross I (1952) Sequential medical plans. Biometrics 8:188-205.

Hamilton M, Wilson GM, Armitage P, Boyd JT (1953) The treatment of intermittent claudication with Vitamin E. Lancet 1: 367-370.

Kilpatrick GS, Oldham PD (1954) Calcium chloride and adrenaline as bronchial dilators compared by sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1388-1391.

Miall WE, Oldham PD, Cochrane AL (1954) The treatment of complicated pneumoconiosis with isoniazid. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 11:186-191.

Tebrock HE, Arminio JJ, Johnston JH (1956) Usefulness of bioflavinoids and ascorbic acid in treatment of common cold. JAMA 162:1227-1233.

Newton DRL, Tanner JM (1956) N-acetyl-para-aminophenol as an analgesic. A controlled clinical trial using the method of sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1096-9.

Snell ES, Armitage P (1957) Clinical comparison of diamorphine and pholcodine as cough suppressants by a new method of sequential analysis. Lancet 1:860-862

Watkinson G (1958) Treatment of ulcerative colitis with topical hydrocortisone hemisuccinate sodium. A controlled trial employing restricted sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1077-82.

Robertson JD, Armitage P (1959) Report of a clinical trial to compare two hypotensive agents. Anaesthesia 14:53-64.

Greenhouse SW (1959) Discussion following Kramer M, Greenhouse SW. Determination of sample size and selection of cases. In: Cole JO, Gerard RW (eds). Psychopharmacology. Problems in Evaluation. National Academy of Sciences, Publication 583, Washington DC, p 371.

Armitage P (1960) Sequential medical trials. Oxford: Blackwell.

Cohen J (1962) The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: a review. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 65:145-153.

Truelove SC, Watkinson G, Draper G (1962) Comparison of corticosteroid and sulphasalazine therapy in ulcerative colitis. BMJ 2:1708-1711.

Percy JS, Stephenson P, Thompson M (1964) Indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 28:157-162.

Farquhar JW (1978) The community-based model of life style intervention trials. American Journal of Epidemiology 108:103-111.

Freiman JA, Chalmers TC, Smith H, Kuebler RR (1978) The importance of beta, the type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial. Survey of 71 "negative" trials. New England Journal of Medicine 299:690-94.

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) (1986) Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 397-402.

ISIS-2 (second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1988) Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 332:349–360.

Chalmers TC (1988) Data analysis for clinical medicine: the quantitative approach to patient care in gastroenterology. Rome: International University Press.

Donner A, Brown KS, Brasher P (1990) A methodological review of non-therapeutic intervention trials employing cluster randomization, 1979-1989. International Journal of Epidemiology 19:795-800.

Simpson JM, Klar N, Donner A (1995) Accounting for cluster randomization: a review of primary prevention trials, 1990 through 1993. American Journal of Public Health 85:1378-1383.

Trotta F, Apolone G, Garattini S, Tafuri G (2008) Stopping a trial early in oncology: for patients or for industry? Annals of Oncology Feb 29; doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn042.

Kramer MS, Martin RM, Sterne JA, Shapiro S, Mourad D, Platt RW (2009) The double jeopardy of clustered measurement and cluster randomisation. BMJ 339:503-505.

Bassler D, Briel M, Montori VM, Lane M, Glasziou P, Zhou Q, Heels-Ansdell D, Walter SD, Guyatt GH; STOPIT-2 Study Group (2010) Stopping randomized trials early for benefit and estimation of treatment effects: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. JAMA. 303:1180-7.

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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

Lavoisier A-L de (1784)
Undated documents contained in: Mémoires de Lavoisier, Oeuvres, Tome III. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1865. p 509.

Gavarret LDJ (1840)
Principes généraux de statistique médicale: ou développement des régles qui doivent présider à son emploi [General principles of medical statistics: or the development of rules that must govern their use]. Paris: Bechet jeune & Labé.

Bartlett E (1844)
An essay on the philosophy of medical science. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.

Balfour TG (1854)
Quoted in West C. Lectures on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood. London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, p 600.

Airy GB (1861)
On the algebraical and numerical theory of errors of observations and the combination of observations. Cambridge: MacMillan and Co.

Bain A (1870)
Logic. London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer p 362.

Ephraim A (1893)
Uber die Bedeutung de statistischen Methode für die Medicin [On the relevance of the statistical method for medicine]. Volkmann’s Sammlung Klinische Vortraege N.F. Innere Medicin 24:706-716. Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel.

Heiberg P (1897)
Studier over den statistiske undersøgelsesmetode som hjælpemiddel ved terapeutiske undersøgelser [Studies on the statistical study design as an aid in therapeutic trials]. Bibliotek for Læger 89:1-40.

Davenport CB (1899)
Statistical methods, with special reference to biological variation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Pearson K (1904)
Report on certain enteric fever inoculation statistics. BMJ 3:1243-1246.

Alt K (1909)
Behandlungsversuche mit Arsenophenylglyzin bei Paralytikern [Treatment experiments with arsenophenylglycine in paralytics]. Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 56:1457-1459.

Advisory Committee on Plague Investigations in India (1912)
The serum treatment of human plague. Journal of Hygiene. Plague Supplement II, LVI:326-39.

Pearl R (1919)
A statistical discussion of the relative efficacy of different methods of treating pneumonia. Archives of Internal Medicine 24:398-403.

Locke EA (1924)
The serologic treatment of lobar pneumonia. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 190:196-203.

Ferry NS, Gordon EJ, Munro FW, Steele AH, Fisher LW (1928)
Clinical results with measles streptococcus toxin and antitoxin. JAMA 91:1277-1280.

Park WH, Bullowa JGM, Rosenbluth NM (1928)
The treatment of lobar pneumonia with refined specific antibacterial serum. JAMA 91:1503-1508.

Bullowa JGM (1928)
The control. Contribution to a symposium on the use of antipneumococcic refined serum in lobar pneumonia, 15 December 1927. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Sciences 4:339-343.

Bullowa JGM (1928)
Use of antipneumococcic refined serum in lobar pneumonia: data necessary for a comparison between cases treated with serum and cases not so treated, and the importance of a significant control series of cases. JAMA 90: 1354-1358.

Bullowa JGM (1929)
The serum treatment and its evaluation in lobar pneumonia. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 5:328-362.

Woods HM, Russell WT (1931)
An introduction to medical statistics. London: Staples Press.

Ellison JB (1932)
Intensive vitamin therapy in measles. BMJ 2:708-711.

Greenwood M (1934)
Epidemics and crowd-diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gilliam AG, Onstott RH (1936)
Results of field studies with poliomyelitis vaccine. American Journal of Public Health 26:113-118.

Theobald GW (1937)
Effect of calcium and vitamin A and D on incidence of pregnancy toxaemia. Lancet 2:1397-1399.

Bullowa JGM (1937)
Serum therapy. In: Bullowa JGM. The management of the pneumonias. New York: Oxford University Press, pp 283-298.

Snodgrass WR, Anderson T (1937)
Sulphanilamide in the treatment of erysipelas: a controlled series of 270 cases. BMJ 2:1156-9.

Aykroyd WR, Krishnan RSBG (1938)
Effect of calcium lactate on children in a nursery school. Lancet 2:153-155.

Kendrick P, Eldering G (1939)
A study in active immunization against pertussis. American Journal of Hygiene 29 Sec. B:133-153.

Price MR (1940)
Effects of a supplement of vitamin B (adsorbate) on the growth of infants. BMJ 2:80-82.

Lindquist EF (1940)
Statistical analysis in educational research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Dahlberg G (1940)
Statistical methods for medical and biological students. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Bell JA (1941)
Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine. Public Health Reports 56:1535-1546.

Mackenna RMB, Cooper-Willis ES (1945)
Impetigo contagiosa in the army, treated with microcrystalline sulphathiazole. Lancet 2:357-358.

Mainland D (1948)
Statistical methods in medical research. Canadian Journal of Research E, 26:1-166.

Bell JA (1948)
Diphtheria immunization use of an alum-precipitated mixture of pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid. JAMA 137:1009-1016.

Bell JA (1948)
Pertussis immunization use of two doses of an alum-precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. JAMA 137:1276-1281.

Reid DD (1950)
Statistics in clinical research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 52:931-934.

Bernstein L, Weatherall M (1952)
Statistics for medical and other biological students. London: E & S Livingstone.

Bross I (1952)
Sequential medical plans. Biometrics 8:188-205.

Hamilton M, Wilson GM, Armitage P, Boyd JT (1953)
The treatment of intermittent claudication with Vitamin E. Lancet 1: 367-370.

Kilpatrick GS, Oldham PD (1954)
Calcium chloride and adrenaline as bronchial dilators compared by sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1388-1391.

Miall WE, Oldham PD, Cochrane AL (1954)
The treatment of complicated pneumoconiosis with isoniazid. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 11:186-191.

Tebrock HE, Arminio JJ, Johnston JH (1956)
Usefulness of bioflavinoids and ascorbic acid in treatment of common cold. JAMA 162:1227-1233.

Newton DRL, Tanner JM (1956)
N-acetyl-para-aminophenol as an analgesic. A controlled clinical trial using the method of sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1096-9.

Snell ES, Armitage P (1957)
Clinical comparison of diamorphine and pholcodine as cough suppressants by a new method of sequential analysis. Lancet 1:860-862

Watkinson G (1958)
Treatment of ulcerative colitis with topical hydrocortisone hemisuccinate sodium. A controlled trial employing restricted sequential analysis. BMJ 2:1077-82.

Robertson JD, Armitage P (1959)
Report of a clinical trial to compare two hypotensive agents. Anaesthesia 14:53-64.

Greenhouse SW (1959)
Discussion following Kramer M, Greenhouse SW. Determination of sample size and selection of cases. In: Cole JO, Gerard RW (eds). Psychopharmacology. Problems in Evaluation. National Academy of Sciences, Publication 583, Washington DC, p 371.

Armitage P (1960)
Sequential medical trials. Oxford: Blackwell.

Cohen J (1962)
The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: a review. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 65:145-153.

Truelove SC, Watkinson G, Draper G (1962)
Comparison of corticosteroid and sulphasalazine therapy in ulcerative colitis. BMJ 2:1708-1711.

Percy JS, Stephenson P, Thompson M (1964)
Indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 28:157-162.

Farquhar JW (1978)
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