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James Lind LibraryThe James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Zucker DR, Schmid CH, McIntosh MW, D’Agostino RB, Selker HP, Lau J (1997)

Combining single patient (N-of-1) trials to estimate population treatment effects and to evaluate individual patient responses to treatment. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 50:410-410.

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Key passage(s)

zucker-et-al-1997_kp

RELEVANT TOPICS

  • N-of-1 crossover
  • Allocation bias
  • Observer bias
  • Using meta-analysis

Key articles

  • Mirza RD, Punja S, Vohra S, Guyatt G (2017).
    The history and development of N of 1 trials.

All topics

  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Placebo effects
      • Dramatic effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Factorial design
      • Crossover tests
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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