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James Lind LibraryThe James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

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Jick H, Vessey M (1978)

Case-control studies in the evaluation of drug-induced illness. American Journal of Epidemiology 1978;107:1-7.

Key passage(s)

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RELEVANT TOPICS

  • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects

Key articles

  • Vessey MP (2006).
    Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs.
  • Jick H (2008).
    Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs: a brief personal history.

Other articles

  • Elwood P (2004).
    The first randomized trial of aspirin for heart attack and the advent of systematic overviews of trials.
  • Sackett DL† (2015).
    Why did I become a clinician-trialist?

All topics

  • Individual patient data
  • Pre-clinical
  • Fair tests of treatments
    • The need to address treatment uncertainties
      • Principles of Testing
    • Treatment comparisons are essential
      • Dramatic effects
      • Placebo effects
    • Treatment comparisons must be fair
  • Biases
    • Design bias
    • Allocation bias
      • N-of-1 crossover
      • Cluster allocation
      • Crossover tests
      • Factorial design
    • Co-intervention bias
    • Observer bias
      • Double dummy
    • Analysis bias
    • Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
    • Reporting bias
    • Biases in systematic reviews
    • Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
  • The play of chance
    • Recording and interpreting numbers
    • Quantifying uncertainty
    • Using meta-analysis
  • Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
    • Improving reports of research
    • Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
    • Using the results of research

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