Dramatic effects

Sometimes patients experience responses to treatments which differ so dramatically from their own past experiences, and from the natural history of their illness, that confident conclusions about treatment effects can be drawn without carefully done tests.

JLL Essay

1.2 Why treatment comparisons are essential

Treatments with dramatic effects.

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Janiaud P, Serghiou S, Ioannidis JPA (2019)
New clinical trial designs in the era of precision medicine: An overview of definitions, strengths, weaknesses, and current use in oncology. Cancer Treatment Reviews 73:20-30.

View

Chalmers I (2017)
The evolution of fair tests of treatments over two millennia: a 23 minute audio commentary. Edited by Hamish Chalmers, using unbroadcast recordings made by Freakonomics Radio, with permission.

View

Glasziou P, Chalmers I, Rawlins M, McCulloch P (2007)
When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise. BMJ 334: 349-351.

View

Alsbirk PH (2004)
Strategy for decentralized prevention of angle closure glaucoma in Greenland. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2004;63 Suppl 2;315-319.

View

Ellis J, Mulligan I, Rowe J, Sackett DL (1995)
Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. Lancet 346:407-410.

View

Pennington E, Pennington S (1991)
Modifying chickenpox. BMJ 303:1614.

View

Bross ID (1966)
Spurious effects from an extraneous variable. Journal of Chronic Diseases 19:637-47.

View

McBride WG (1961)
Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 2:1358.

View

Bickel H, Gerrard J, Hickmans EM. (1953)
Influence of phenylalanine intake on phenylketonuria. Lancet 265:812-813.

View

Baker C, Brock RC, Campbell M, Wood P (1952)
Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; a further report on 100 cases. BMJ 1:1043–1055.

View

Baker C, Brock RC, Campbell M (1950)
Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; report of six successful cases. BMJ 1:1283–1293.

View

Appelbaum E, Nelson J, Albin MB (1949)
The treatment of penumococcic meningitis with penicillin; a study of 125 consecutive cases, with 73% recovery. American Journal of Medicial Science 218:260-4.

View

Christie RV (1948)
Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. BMJ 1:1-4.

View

Farber S, Diamond LK, Mercer RD, Sylvester RF, Wolff JA (1948)
Temporary remissions in acute leukaemia in children produced by folic acide antagonist, 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid (aminopterin). New England Journal of Medicine 238:787-793.

View

Merk R (1948)
Die Stickstoffsenfgasbehandlung der Lymphogranulomatose [Nitrogen Mustard Treatment of Lymphogranulomatosis]. Medizinische Klinik 43:629-35.

View

Medical Research Council (1948)
Streptomycin treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Lancet 1:582-596.

View

Christie RV (1946)
Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Lancet 1:369.

View

Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman A and McLennan MT (1946)
Nitrogen mustard therapy. Use of methyl-bis(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride and tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. Journal of the American Medical Association 132:126-132.

View

Blalock A, Taussig HB (1945)
The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart: In which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia. JAMA 128:189-202.

View

Florey ME, Florey HW (1943)
General and local administration of penicillin. Lancet 1:387.

View

Pulvertaft RJPV (1943)
Local therapy of war wounds: I with Penicillin (article 1 of 2). Lancet 2:341-36 and 379-384

View

Abraham EP, Chain E, Fletcher CM, Gardner AD, Heatley NG, Jennings AM, Florey HW (1941)
Further observations on penicillin. Lancet 2:177-189.

View

Banks HS (1939)
Chemotherapy of meningococcal meningitis. Lancet 2:921-927.

View

Bowie FJ (1938)
Chemotherapy in gonorrhoea: a preliminary report on the use of 2-(p-aminobenzenesulphonamido)pyridine, M & B 693. BMJ 2:283-284.

View

Colebrook L, Purdie AW (1937)
Treatment of 106 cases of puerperal fever by sulphanilamide. Lancet 2:1237-1242 & 1291-1294.

View

O’Sullivan ME (1936)
Termination of 1000 attacks of migraine with ergotamine tartrate. JAMA 107:1208-1212.

View

Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936)
Treatment of human puerperal infections, and of experimental infections in mice, with prontosil. Lancet 1:1279-1286.

View

Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936)
Treatment with prontosil of puerperal infections due to haemolytic streptococci. Lancet 2:1319-1322.

View

Lennox WG, Von Storch TJC (1935)
Experiences with ergotamine tartrate in 120 patients with migraine. JAMA 105:169-171.

View

Walker MB (1934)
Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine. Lancet 1:1200-1201.

View

Lewis T (1930)
Angina pectoris associated with high blood pressure and its relief by amyl nitrate. Heart 14:305-327.

View

Maier HW (1926)
L’ergotamine, inhibiteur du sympathique étudié en clinique, comme moyen d’exploration et comme agent thérapeutique. Revue Neurologique. 1:1104 (June).

View

Minot GR, Murphy WP (1926)
Treatment of pernicious anaemia by a special diet. JAMA 87:470-476.

View

Goldberger J, Waring CH, Tanner WF (1923)
Pellagra prevention by diet among inmates. Public Health Reports 38:2361-2368.

View

Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campell WR, Fletcher AA (1922)
Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Canadian Medical Association Journal 12: 141 - 146.

View

Chick H, Dalyell EJ (1921)
Observations on the influence of foods in stimulating development in backward children. BMJ 2:1061-1066.

View

Marine D, Kimball OP (1920)
The prevention of simple goiter in man: fourth paper. Archives of Internal Medicine 25:661-72.

View

De Quervain JF (1913)
Die Behandlung der akute Appendicitis auf Grund einer schweizerischen Sammelstatistik [The treatment of acute appendicitis on the basis of aggregated Swiss hospital statistics]. Correspondenzblatt für Schweizer Aerzte 43:1609-1624.

View

McDonagh JER (1912)
Salvarsan in syphilis and allied diseases. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications.

View

Wechselmann W (1910)
Über die Behandlung der Syphilis mit Dioxydiamido-arseno-benzol [On the treatment of syphilis with dioxy-diamido-arseno-benzol]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 47:1261-1264.

View

Alt K (1909)
Behandlungsversuche mit Arsenophenylglyzin bei Paralytikern [Treatment experiments with arsenophenylglycine in paralytics]. Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 56:1457-1459.

View

Gorgas WC (1902)
Mosquito work in Havana. New York: William Wood and Company.

View

Finsen NR (1896)
Om Anvendelse I Medicinen af koncentrerede kemiske Lysstraaler. [On the application in medicine of concentrated chemical rays of light]. Kjøbenhavn: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag.

View

Behring EA, Boer NN, Kossel H (1893)
Zur Behandlung diphtheriekranker Menschen mit Diphtherieheilserum [On the treatment of diphtheria patients with curative diphtheria serum]. Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift 17:389-39.

View

Bettencourt R, Serrano J-A (1891)
Un cas de myxœdème (cachexie pachydermique) traité par la greffe hypodermique du corps thyroïde d’un mouton. [A case of myxœdema (pachydermous cachexia) treated with hypodermic transplant of sheep thyroid gland]. Compte rendu de la 19eme session de l‘Association française our l’avancement des sciences, Limoges, 1890, pp 683-690.

View

Murray GR (1891)
Note on the treatment of myxoedema by hypodermic injections of an extract of the thyroid gland of a sheep. BMJ 2:796-797.

View

O’Dwyer J (1887)
Fifty cases of croup in private practice treated by intubation of the larynx, with a description of the method and of the dangers incident thereto. Medical Record 32:557-561.

View

Maclagan T (1876)
The treatment of acute rheumatism by salicin. Lancet 1:383-84.

View

Lister J (1870)
Effects of the antiseptic system of treatment upon the salubrity of a surgical hospital. Lancet 1:4-6 and 40-42.

View

Liebreich O (1869)
Das Chloral, ein neues Hypnoticum und Anaesthetikum [Chloral, a new hypnotic and anaesthetic]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 6:325-327.

View

McShane C (1856)
Medical Statistical Returns of the African Station. In: Statistical Report of the Health of the Royal Navy for the year 1856. London: House of Commons, pp 82-83.

View

Simpson JY (1847)
Account of a new anesthetic agent. Edinburgh.

View

Cuming R (1805)
On the use of aqua frigida in scalds, in epidemic ophthalmia, and the effects of cold on the human body. Medical and Physical Journal. 14:239-241.

View

Pearson G, Nihell L, Nelson T, Keate T, Forster T, Carpue JC, Doratt J, Rivers F, Brand EA, de Bruyn P, Heaviside J, Payne T, Sancho W (1805)
Original Vaccine Pock Institution. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 1:513-515.

View

Jenner E (1801)
The origin of the vaccine inoculation. Printed by DN Shury, Berwick Street, Soho.

View

Cooper A (1801)
Farther observations on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the ear; with an account of the operation for the removal of a particular species of deafness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Part 1:435-451.

View

Jenner E (1798)
An enquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae. London: S Low.

View

Stone E (1764)
An account of the success of the bark of the willow in the cure of agues. Philosophical Transactions 53:195-200.

View

de Fontaney F (1703)
Letter to F de la Chaise, from Cheu-Chan (a port in the Province of ‘Chekian’), dated 15 February. In: Lettres Édifiantes Et Curieuses, Écrites Des Missions Étrangères Par Quelques Missionnaires De La Compagnie De Jesus [Edifying and curious letters, written from the foreign missions by some missionaries of the Company of Jesus]. 34 vols. Paris: Chez Nicolas le Clerc, rue Saint Jacques, à l’Image Saint Lambert, 1703-1776. Vol. 7 (1707): pp. 234-244.

View

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (1550 BCE)
Case 25. Instruction for a dislocation of his mandible. (Original in the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine. Facsimile in Breasted JH (1930)). Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, IX 2-6. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.

View

Show

Glasziou P, Matthews R, Boutron I, Chalmers I, Armitage P† (2023)
The differences and overlaps between ‘explanatory’ and ‘pragmatic’ controlled trials: a historical perspective. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Marson Smith P, Colquhoun D, Chalmers I (2019).
John Henry Gaddum’s 1940 guidance on controlled clinical trials JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Treasure T (2017).
Turning blue babies pink: Alfred Blalock’s shunt for Fallot’s Tetralogy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Treasure T (2016).
Documenting the dramatic effects of operative treatment of mitral stenosis. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Lechuga RI, Castro AC (2016).
Dramatic effects of control measures on deaths from yellow fever in Havana, Cuba, in the early 1900’s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

View

Quiz: Why Treatment Comparisons Are Essential

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Topics

The need to address treatment uncertainties

Principles of Testing

Treatment comparisons are essential

Treatment comparisons must be fair

Biases

Double dummy

The play of chance

Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public

James Lind LibraryIllustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

Dramatic effects

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5 ARTICLES

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Janiaud P, Serghiou S, Ioannidis JPA (2019) New clinical trial designs in the era of precision medicine: An overview of definitions, strengths, weaknesses, and current use in oncology. Cancer Treatment Reviews 73:20-30.

Chalmers I (2017) The evolution of fair tests of treatments over two millennia: a 23 minute audio commentary. Edited by Hamish Chalmers, using unbroadcast recordings made by Freakonomics Radio, with permission.

Glasziou P, Chalmers I, Rawlins M, McCulloch P (2007) When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise. BMJ 334: 349-351.

Alsbirk PH (2004) Strategy for decentralized prevention of angle closure glaucoma in Greenland. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2004;63 Suppl 2;315-319.

Ellis J, Mulligan I, Rowe J, Sackett DL (1995) Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. Lancet 346:407-410.

Pennington E, Pennington S (1991) Modifying chickenpox. BMJ 303:1614.

Bross ID (1966) Spurious effects from an extraneous variable. Journal of Chronic Diseases 19:637-47.

McBride WG (1961) Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 2:1358.

Bickel H, Gerrard J, Hickmans EM. (1953) Influence of phenylalanine intake on phenylketonuria. Lancet 265:812-813.

Baker C, Brock RC, Campbell M, Wood P (1952) Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; a further report on 100 cases. BMJ 1:1043–1055.

Baker C, Brock RC, Campbell M (1950) Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; report of six successful cases. BMJ 1:1283–1293.

Appelbaum E, Nelson J, Albin MB (1949) The treatment of penumococcic meningitis with penicillin; a study of 125 consecutive cases, with 73% recovery. American Journal of Medicial Science 218:260-4.

Christie RV (1948) Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. BMJ 1:1-4.

Farber S, Diamond LK, Mercer RD, Sylvester RF, Wolff JA (1948) Temporary remissions in acute leukaemia in children produced by folic acide antagonist, 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid (aminopterin). New England Journal of Medicine 238:787-793.

Merk R (1948) Die Stickstoffsenfgasbehandlung der Lymphogranulomatose [Nitrogen Mustard Treatment of Lymphogranulomatosis]. Medizinische Klinik 43:629-35.

Medical Research Council (1948) Streptomycin treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Lancet 1:582-596.

Christie RV (1946) Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Lancet 1:369.

Blalock A, Taussig HB (1945) The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart: In which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia. JAMA 128:189-202.

Florey ME, Florey HW (1943) General and local administration of penicillin. Lancet 1:387.

Pulvertaft RJPV (1943) Local therapy of war wounds: I with Penicillin (article 1 of 2). Lancet 2:341-36 and 379-384

Abraham EP, Chain E, Fletcher CM, Gardner AD, Heatley NG, Jennings AM, Florey HW (1941) Further observations on penicillin. Lancet 2:177-189.

Banks HS (1939) Chemotherapy of meningococcal meningitis. Lancet 2:921-927.

Bowie FJ (1938) Chemotherapy in gonorrhoea: a preliminary report on the use of 2-(p-aminobenzenesulphonamido)pyridine, M & B 693. BMJ 2:283-284.

Colebrook L, Purdie AW (1937) Treatment of 106 cases of puerperal fever by sulphanilamide. Lancet 2:1237-1242 & 1291-1294.

O’Sullivan ME (1936) Termination of 1000 attacks of migraine with ergotamine tartrate. JAMA 107:1208-1212.

Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936) Treatment of human puerperal infections, and of experimental infections in mice, with prontosil. Lancet 1:1279-1286.

Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936) Treatment with prontosil of puerperal infections due to haemolytic streptococci. Lancet 2:1319-1322.

Lennox WG, Von Storch TJC (1935) Experiences with ergotamine tartrate in 120 patients with migraine. JAMA 105:169-171.

Walker MB (1934) Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine. Lancet 1:1200-1201.

Lewis T (1930) Angina pectoris associated with high blood pressure and its relief by amyl nitrate. Heart 14:305-327.

Maier HW (1926) L’ergotamine, inhibiteur du sympathique étudié en clinique, comme moyen d’exploration et comme agent thérapeutique. Revue Neurologique. 1:1104 (June).

Minot GR, Murphy WP (1926) Treatment of pernicious anaemia by a special diet. JAMA 87:470-476.

Goldberger J, Waring CH, Tanner WF (1923) Pellagra prevention by diet among inmates. Public Health Reports 38:2361-2368.

Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campell WR, Fletcher AA (1922) Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Canadian Medical Association Journal 12: 141 - 146.

Chick H, Dalyell EJ (1921) Observations on the influence of foods in stimulating development in backward children. BMJ 2:1061-1066.

Marine D, Kimball OP (1920) The prevention of simple goiter in man: fourth paper. Archives of Internal Medicine 25:661-72.

De Quervain JF (1913) Die Behandlung der akute Appendicitis auf Grund einer schweizerischen Sammelstatistik [The treatment of acute appendicitis on the basis of aggregated Swiss hospital statistics]. Correspondenzblatt für Schweizer Aerzte 43:1609-1624.

McDonagh JER (1912) Salvarsan in syphilis and allied diseases. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications.

Wechselmann W (1910) Über die Behandlung der Syphilis mit Dioxydiamido-arseno-benzol [On the treatment of syphilis with dioxy-diamido-arseno-benzol]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 47:1261-1264.

Alt K (1909) Behandlungsversuche mit Arsenophenylglyzin bei Paralytikern [Treatment experiments with arsenophenylglycine in paralytics]. Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 56:1457-1459.

Gorgas WC (1902) Mosquito work in Havana. New York: William Wood and Company.

Finsen NR (1896) Om Anvendelse I Medicinen af koncentrerede kemiske Lysstraaler. [On the application in medicine of concentrated chemical rays of light]. Kjøbenhavn: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag.

Behring EA, Boer NN, Kossel H (1893) Zur Behandlung diphtheriekranker Menschen mit Diphtherieheilserum [On the treatment of diphtheria patients with curative diphtheria serum]. Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift 17:389-39.

Murray GR (1891) Note on the treatment of myxoedema by hypodermic injections of an extract of the thyroid gland of a sheep. BMJ 2:796-797.

O’Dwyer J (1887) Fifty cases of croup in private practice treated by intubation of the larynx, with a description of the method and of the dangers incident thereto. Medical Record 32:557-561.

Maclagan T (1876) The treatment of acute rheumatism by salicin. Lancet 1:383-84.

Lister J (1870) Effects of the antiseptic system of treatment upon the salubrity of a surgical hospital. Lancet 1:4-6 and 40-42.

Liebreich O (1869) Das Chloral, ein neues Hypnoticum und Anaesthetikum [Chloral, a new hypnotic and anaesthetic]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 6:325-327.

McShane C (1856) Medical Statistical Returns of the African Station. In: Statistical Report of the Health of the Royal Navy for the year 1856. London: House of Commons, pp 82-83.

Simpson JY (1847) Account of a new anesthetic agent. Edinburgh.

Cuming R (1805) On the use of aqua frigida in scalds, in epidemic ophthalmia, and the effects of cold on the human body. Medical and Physical Journal. 14:239-241.

Pearson G, Nihell L, Nelson T, Keate T, Forster T, Carpue JC, Doratt J, Rivers F, Brand EA, de Bruyn P, Heaviside J, Payne T, Sancho W (1805) Original Vaccine Pock Institution. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 1:513-515.

Jenner E (1801) The origin of the vaccine inoculation. Printed by DN Shury, Berwick Street, Soho.

Cooper A (1801) Farther observations on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the ear; with an account of the operation for the removal of a particular species of deafness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Part 1:435-451.

Jenner E (1798) An enquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae. London: S Low.

Stone E (1764) An account of the success of the bark of the willow in the cure of agues. Philosophical Transactions 53:195-200.

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (1550 BCE) Case 25. Instruction for a dislocation of his mandible. (Original in the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine. Facsimile in Breasted JH (1930)). Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, IX 2-6. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.

Show ALL ARTICLES Brief histories Commentaries Biographies Personal reflections Doctoral theses

Glasziou P, Matthews R, Boutron I, Chalmers I, Armitage P† (2023)The differences and overlaps between ‘explanatory’ and ‘pragmatic’ controlled trials: a historical perspective. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Marson Smith P, Colquhoun D, Chalmers I (2019).John Henry Gaddum’s 1940 guidance on controlled clinical trials JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Treasure T (2017).Turning blue babies pink: Alfred Blalock’s shunt for Fallot’s Tetralogy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Treasure T (2016).Documenting the dramatic effects of operative treatment of mitral stenosis. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Lechuga RI, Castro AC (2016).Dramatic effects of control measures on deaths from yellow fever in Havana, Cuba, in the early 1900’s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

Quiz: Why Treatment Comparisons Are Essential

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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care

Janiaud P, Serghiou S, Ioannidis JPA (2019)
New clinical trial designs in the era of precision medicine: An overview of definitions, strengths, weaknesses, and current use in oncology. Cancer Treatment Reviews 73:20-30.

Chalmers I (2017)
The evolution of fair tests of treatments over two millennia: a 23 minute audio commentary. Edited by Hamish Chalmers, using unbroadcast recordings made by Freakonomics Radio, with permission.

Glasziou P, Chalmers I, Rawlins M, McCulloch P (2007)
When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise. BMJ 334: 349-351.

Alsbirk PH (2004)
Strategy for decentralized prevention of angle closure glaucoma in Greenland. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2004;63 Suppl 2;315-319.

Ellis J, Mulligan I, Rowe J, Sackett DL (1995)
Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. Lancet 346:407-410.

Pennington E, Pennington S (1991)
Modifying chickenpox. BMJ 303:1614.

Bross ID (1966)
Spurious effects from an extraneous variable. Journal of Chronic Diseases 19:637-47.

McBride WG (1961)
Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 2:1358.

Bickel H, Gerrard J, Hickmans EM. (1953)
Influence of phenylalanine intake on phenylketonuria. Lancet 265:812-813.

Baker C, Brock RC, Campbell M, Wood P (1952)
Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; a further report on 100 cases. BMJ 1:1043–1055.

Baker C, Brock RC, Campbell M (1950)
Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis; report of six successful cases. BMJ 1:1283–1293.

Appelbaum E, Nelson J, Albin MB (1949)
The treatment of penumococcic meningitis with penicillin; a study of 125 consecutive cases, with 73% recovery. American Journal of Medicial Science 218:260-4.

Christie RV (1948)
Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. BMJ 1:1-4.

Farber S, Diamond LK, Mercer RD, Sylvester RF, Wolff JA (1948)
Temporary remissions in acute leukaemia in children produced by folic acide antagonist, 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid (aminopterin). New England Journal of Medicine 238:787-793.

Merk R (1948)
Die Stickstoffsenfgasbehandlung der Lymphogranulomatose [Nitrogen Mustard Treatment of Lymphogranulomatosis]. Medizinische Klinik 43:629-35.

Medical Research Council (1948)
Streptomycin treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Lancet 1:582-596.

Christie RV (1946)
Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Lancet 1:369.

Blalock A, Taussig HB (1945)
The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart: In which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia. JAMA 128:189-202.

Florey ME, Florey HW (1943)
General and local administration of penicillin. Lancet 1:387.

Pulvertaft RJPV (1943)
Local therapy of war wounds: I with Penicillin (article 1 of 2). Lancet 2:341-36 and 379-384

Abraham EP, Chain E, Fletcher CM, Gardner AD, Heatley NG, Jennings AM, Florey HW (1941)
Further observations on penicillin. Lancet 2:177-189.

Banks HS (1939)
Chemotherapy of meningococcal meningitis. Lancet 2:921-927.

Bowie FJ (1938)
Chemotherapy in gonorrhoea: a preliminary report on the use of 2-(p-aminobenzenesulphonamido)pyridine, M & B 693. BMJ 2:283-284.

Colebrook L, Purdie AW (1937)
Treatment of 106 cases of puerperal fever by sulphanilamide. Lancet 2:1237-1242 & 1291-1294.

O’Sullivan ME (1936)
Termination of 1000 attacks of migraine with ergotamine tartrate. JAMA 107:1208-1212.

Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936)
Treatment of human puerperal infections, and of experimental infections in mice, with prontosil. Lancet 1:1279-1286.

Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936)
Treatment with prontosil of puerperal infections due to haemolytic streptococci. Lancet 2:1319-1322.

Lennox WG, Von Storch TJC (1935)
Experiences with ergotamine tartrate in 120 patients with migraine. JAMA 105:169-171.

Walker MB (1934)
Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine. Lancet 1:1200-1201.

Lewis T (1930)
Angina pectoris associated with high blood pressure and its relief by amyl nitrate. Heart 14:305-327.

Maier HW (1926)
L’ergotamine, inhibiteur du sympathique étudié en clinique, comme moyen d’exploration et comme agent thérapeutique. Revue Neurologique. 1:1104 (June).

Minot GR, Murphy WP (1926)
Treatment of pernicious anaemia by a special diet. JAMA 87:470-476.

Goldberger J, Waring CH, Tanner WF (1923)
Pellagra prevention by diet among inmates. Public Health Reports 38:2361-2368.

Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campell WR, Fletcher AA (1922)
Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Canadian Medical Association Journal 12: 141 - 146.

Chick H, Dalyell EJ (1921)
Observations on the influence of foods in stimulating development in backward children. BMJ 2:1061-1066.

Marine D, Kimball OP (1920)
The prevention of simple goiter in man: fourth paper. Archives of Internal Medicine 25:661-72.

De Quervain JF (1913)
Die Behandlung der akute Appendicitis auf Grund einer schweizerischen Sammelstatistik [The treatment of acute appendicitis on the basis of aggregated Swiss hospital statistics]. Correspondenzblatt für Schweizer Aerzte 43:1609-1624.

McDonagh JER (1912)
Salvarsan in syphilis and allied diseases. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications.

Wechselmann W (1910)
Über die Behandlung der Syphilis mit Dioxydiamido-arseno-benzol [On the treatment of syphilis with dioxy-diamido-arseno-benzol]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 47:1261-1264.

Alt K (1909)
Behandlungsversuche mit Arsenophenylglyzin bei Paralytikern [Treatment experiments with arsenophenylglycine in paralytics]. Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 56:1457-1459.

Gorgas WC (1902)
Mosquito work in Havana. New York: William Wood and Company.

Finsen NR (1896)
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