Using the results of research

All research has been done in the past, but the results of research need to be used today and tomorrow to inform decisions in health care. Trustworthy evidence from research is necessary, but not sufficient, to improve the quality of health care.


JLL Essay
4.3 Using the results of research

So what makes for better healthcare?

 

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Lind J (1753)
A treatise of the scurvy. In three parts. Containing an inquiry into the nature, causes and cure, of that disease. Together with a critical and chronological view of what has been published on the subject. Edinburgh: Printed by Sands, Murray and Cochran for A Kincaid and A Donaldson.

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Duncan A (1773)
Medical and Philosophical Commentaries. Volume First, Part I. London: J Murray.

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Billings JS (1881)
An Address on our Medical Literature. BMJ 2:262–268.

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Leitch I (1959)
The place of analytical and critical reviews in any growing biological science and the service they may render to research. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, 2 Vols. Washington DC: National Academies Press, p 571-588.

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Garvey WD, Lin N, Nelson CE (1970)
Communication in the physical and social sciences: the process of disseminating and assimilating information differ in these two groups of science. Science 170:1166-1173.

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Cochrane AL (1972)
Effectiveness and Efficiency: random reflections on health services. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.

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Dudley HAF (1978)
Surgical research: master or servant. The American Journal of Surgery 135:458-460.

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Guyatt G, Sackett D, Taylor DW, Chong J, Roberts R, Pugsley S (1986)
Determining optimal therapy-randomized trials in individual patients. New England Journal of Medicine 314:889-92.

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Chalmers I, Enkin M, Keirse MJNC (1989)
Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Oxman AD, Guyatt GH (1991)
Validation of an index of the quality of review articles. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 44:121-1278.

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ACP Journal Club (1991)
Supplement to Annals of Internal Medicine. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, Volume 114, Supplement 1.

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Sinclair JC, Bracken MB (1992)
Effective care of the newborn infant. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Milne R, Chambers L (1993)
Assessing the scientific quality of review articles. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 47:169-170.

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Oxman AD, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Jaeschke R, Heddle N, Keller J (1993)
An index of scientific quality for health reports in the lay press. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46:987-1001.

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Milne R, Chambers LW (1993)
Brief Communication: How to read a review article. Health Libraries Review 10:38-39.

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Glasziou P, Irwig M (1995)
An evidence based approach to individualising treatment. BMJ 311:1356.

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Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Gray JAM, Haynes RB, Richardson WS (1996)
Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ 312:71-73.

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Sackett D, Straus S; for Firm A of the Nuffield Department of Medicine (1998)
Finding and applying evidence during clinical rounds: the "Evidence Cart". JAMA 280:1336-1338.

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Jefferson T, Deeks J (1999)
The use of systematic reviews for editorial peer reviewing: a population approach. . In: Godlee F, Jefferson T, eds. Peer review in health sciences. London: BMJ Books, pp 224-234.

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Horn J (2001)
Calcium antagonists in Stroke. ISBN 90-9014236-3.

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Hopewell S, Clarke M (2003)
How important is the size of a reprint order? International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 19:711-714.

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Bastian H, Glasziou P, Chalmers I (2010)
Seventy-five trials and eleven systematic reviews a day: how will we ever keep up? PLoS Medicine 7:e1000326.

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Clarke M, Loudon K (2011)
Effects on patients of their healthcare practitioner's or institution's participation in clinical trials: a systematic review. Trials 12:16.

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Emparanza JI, Cabello JB, Burls AJ. (2015)
Does evidence-based practice improve patient outcomes? An analysis of a natural experiment in a Spanish hospital. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 21:1059-1065.

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Scherer RW, Meerpohl JJ, Pfeifer N, Schmucker C, Schwarzer G, von Elm E (2018)
Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; (11): MR000005.

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Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson J, Mafham M, Bell J, Linsell L, Staplin N, Brightling C, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Green C, Felton T, Chadwick D, Rege K, Fegan C, Chappell LC, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffrey K, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Juszcak E, Baillie JK, Haynes R, Landray MJ, on behalf of the RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2020)
Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary Report. medRχiv. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.22.20137273

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Horby P, Mafham M, Linsell L, Bell JL, Staplin N, Emberson JR, Wiselka M, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Whitehouse A, Felton T, Williams J, Faccenda J, Underwood J, Baillie JK, Chappell L, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffery K, Lim WS, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Tarning J, Watson JA, White NJ, Juszczak E, Haynes R, Landray MJ (2020)
Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary results from a multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.15.20151852

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RECOVERY Trial Team (2020)
Randomized Evaluation of COVID019 Therapy (RECOVERY). RECOVERY Central Coordinating Office, Oxford. www.recoverytrial.net

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Pan H, Peto R, Karim QA, Alejandria M, Henao-Restrepo AM, García CH, Kieny MP, Malekzadeh R, Murthy S, Preziosi MP, Reddy S, Periago MR, Sathiyamoorthy V, Røttingen JA, Swaminathan S, WHO Solidarity trial consortium (2020)
Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 –interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results. MedRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.15.20209817

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McLennan S, Nussbaumer-Streit B, Hemkens LG, Briel M (2021)
Barriers and Facilitating Factors for Conducting Systematic Evidence Assessments in Academic Clinical Trials. JAMA Network Open. 4(11):e2136577. url: doi/org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36577

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Bradley VC, Kuriwaki S, Isakov M, Sejdinovic D, Meng X, Flaxman S (2021)
Unrepresentative big surveys significantly overestimated US vaccine uptake. Nature 600, 695–700. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04198-4.

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Nørgaard B, Draborg E, Andreasen J, Juhl CB, Yost J, Brunnhuber K, Robinson KA, Lund H (2022)
Systematic reviews are rarely used to inform study design - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 145: 1-13.

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Andreasen J, Nørgaard B, Juhl CB, Yost J, Brunnhuber K, Robinson KA, Lund H (2022)
Systematic reviews are rarely used to contextualise new results-a systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-research studies. Systematic Reviews 11(1) 189.

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Neuhauser D, Diaz M, Chalmers I (2007).
A puzzling omission in a great medical textbook edited by a pioneer of controlled trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Hytten F (2009).
Isabella Leitch’s contributions to the development of systematic reviews of research evidence. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Fox DM (2011).
Systematic reviews and health policy: the influence of a project on perinatal care since 1988. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Milne I (2012).
Who was James Lind, and what exactly did he achieve? JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Bird SM (2014).
The 1959 meeting in Vienna on controlled clinical trials – a methodological landmark. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Straus S, Eisinga A, Sackett D† (2015).
What drove the Evidence Cart? Bringing the library to the bedside. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Glasziou P, Aronson JK (2017).
A brief history of clinical evidence updates and bibliographic databases JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Goodman NW (2017).
John Shaw Billings: creator of Index Medicus and medical visionary. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Chalmers J, Chalmers I, Tröhler U (2017).
Helping physicians to keep abreast of the medical literature: Andrew Duncan and Medical and Philosophical Commentaries, 1773-1795. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Tröhler U (2020)
Probabilistic thinking and the evaluation of therapies, 1700-1900. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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Clarke M (2021).
The true meaning of DICE: Don’t Ignore Chance Effects JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.

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