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al-Razi (10th century CE) Shukuk ala Jalinus. [Doubts about Galen] View
Nettleton T (1722) Part of a letter from Dr. Nettleton, physician at Halifax, to Dr. Jurin, R. S. Sec concerning the inoculation of the small pox, and the mortality of that distemper in the natural way. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1722-1723) 32:209-212. View
Jurin J (1724) A letter to the learned Dr. Caleb Cotesworth, F. R. S. of the College of Physicians, London, and physician to St. Thomas's Hospital; containing a comparison between the danger of the natural small pox, and that given by inoculation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1722 - 1723), 32:213-227. View
Boylston Z (1726) Historical account of the small-pox inoculated in New-England, upon all sorts of persons, whites, blacks, and of all ages and constitutions. London: Printed for S. Chandler. View
Scheuchzer JG (1729) An account of the success of inoculating the small-pox in Great Britain, for the years 1727 and 1728: With a comparison between the mortality of the natural small-pox, and the miscarriages in that practice; as also some general remarks on its progress. London: J.Peele. View
Cassem Algaida Aga (1729) Paper relating to the inoculation of the small-pox, as it is practised in the Kingdoms of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algier. In: Scheuchzer JG. An account of the success of inoculating the small-pox in Great Britain, for the years 1727 and 1728. London: J. Peele, pp 61-63. View
Clifton F (1732) The state of physick, ancient and modern, briefly considered: with a plan for the improvement of it. London printed by W Bowyer, for John Nourse without Temple-Bar. View
Monro A (1737) Remarks on the amputations of the larger extremities. In: Medical essays and observations. Edinburgh: T & W Ruddimans, pp 321-347. View
Cheselden W (1740) The anatomy of the human body. 5th edition. London: William Bowyer. View
Monro A (1752) Remarks on the amputations of the larger extremities. In: Medical essays and observations. Edinburgh: Hamilton, Balfour, Neill. View
de la Condamine C-M (1754) Mémoire sur l'inoculation de la petite vérole. Lu a l'assemblée publique de l'Académie royale des sciences, le mercredi 24 avril 1754. Paris: Durand. View
Franklin B (1759) Some account on the success of inoculation for the small-pox in England and America. London: W Strahan. View
Hillary W (1761) An inquiry into the means of improving medical knowledge. London: Hitch and Hawes. View
Bilguer JU (1764) A dissertation on the inutility of the amputation of limbs. London: Baldwin, Becket and de Hondt. View
Watson W (1768) An account of a series of experiments, instituted with a view of ascertaining the most successful method of inoculating the smallpox. London: J Nourse. View
Millar J (1770) Observations on the prevailing diseases in Great Britain. London: Cadell. View
White C (1770) Cases in surgery. London: Johnson., p vi, viii. View
Charleton R (1770) An inquiry into the efficacy of warm bathing in palsies. Oxford: Clarendon. View
Lettsom JC (1774) Medical memoirs of the General Dispensary in London. London: for the Author. View
Lettsom JC (1775) On the improvement of medicine in London on the basis of public good. London: Phillips. View
Millar J (1779) Observations on the management of the prevailing diseases particularly in the Army and Navy. London, for the author. View
Clark J (1780) Observations on fevers, especially of the continued type. London: T Cadell. View
Home F (1780) Clinical experiments, histories and dissections. Edinburgh: Creech; London: Murray. View
Rollo J (1781) Observations on the diseases which appeared in the Army on St Lucia…, Barbados. Orderson for the author. View
Alanson E (1782) Practical observations on amputation, and the after-treatment, 2nd edn. London: Joseph Johnson. View
Black W (1788) A comparative view of the mortality of the human species at all ages. London: Dilly, pp 35-38. View
Black W (1789) An arithmetical and medical analysis of the diseases and mortality of the human species. London: J Johnson. View
Robertson R (1789) Observations on jail, hospital, or ship fever. New ed. London: for the Author. View
Blane G (1789) Observations on the diseases incident to seamen. 2nd edition. London: Cooper. View
Robertson R (1790) Essay on fever. London: printed for the author. View
Rowley W (1793) The causes of a great number of deaths amongst adults and children. 2nd edn. London: Newbery. View
Gordon A (1795) A treatise on the epidemic puerperal fever of Aberdeen. In: Churchill F, ed (1849). Essays on the puerperal fever and other diseases selected from the writings of British authors previous to the close of the eighteenth century. London: Sydenham Society, p 445-500. View
Millar J (1798) Observations on the management of diseases in the Army and Navy in reply to Dr. Monroe. London: for the Author. View
Millar J (1798) Observations on the conduct of the war. An appeal to the people of Great Britain. London: for the author. View
McGrigor J (1801) Account of diseases of the 88th Regiment, during their passage to India, and at Bombay, from December 1798 till June 1800. Annals of Medicine, Vol I Lustrum II, 1:353-369. View
Rollo J (1801) A short account of the Royal Artillery Hospital at Woolwich. London: Mawman. View
Percival T (1803) Medical ethics or, a code of institutes and precepts adapted to the professional conduct of physicians and surgeons. Manchester: S Russell for J Johnson. View
Haygarth J (1803) A letter to Dr Percival on the prevention of infections, fevers… Annals of Medicine. Vol II, Lustrum II, 51-78. View
Currie W (1804) Medical reports of the effects of water: cold and warm as a remedy in fever and febrile diseases. Vol. 2. London: M’Creery & Cadell. View
Haygarth J (1805) A clinical history of diseases 1. Acute rheumatism. 2. Nodosity of the joints. London: Cadell and Davies. View
Sutton T (1806) A practical account of remittent fever. London: Robinson, p 16-17. View
Falconer W (1807) A practical dissertation on the effects of the medicinal effects of the Bath waters. London and Bath: Robinson & Crutwell. 3rd edition Bath: Meyler and London: Robinson, pp 29, 40-41, 50-52, 72-74, 99, 101, 106, 115-116, 117, 124. View
Haslam J (1809) Observations on madness and melancholy. London: Callow. View
Black W (1810) A dissertation on insanity; illustrated with tables and extracted from between two and three thousand cases in Bedlam. London: for the author. View
Blane G (1813) Observations on the comparative prevalence, mortality, & treatment of different diseases.... Medico-chirurgical Transactions, Vol 4, p 89-141, London. View
Mills T (1813) An essay on the utility of bloodletting in fever Dublin: J.Barlow, for Gilbert and Hodges, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. View
MacGrigor J (1816) Sketch of the medical history of the British armies in the peninsula of Spain and Portugal, during the late campaigns. Medico-chirurgical Transactions 6:381-489. View
Hutchinson AC (1817) Some further observations on the subject of the proper period for amputating in gun-shot wounds. London: Callow, p16. View
Hawkins FB (1829) The elements of medical statistics. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green. View
Todd TJ (1831) The book of analysis or a new method of experience whereby the induction of the Novum Organon [of Bacon] is made easy of application to medicine, physiology… London, Murray. View
Louis PCA (1835) Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dans quelques maladies inflammatoires et sur l'action de l'émétique et des vésicatoires dans la pneumonie [Research on the effects of bloodletting in some inflammatory illnesses and on the action of emetics and blistering in pneumonia]. Paris: Librairie de l'Académie royale de médecine. View
Poisson, Dulong, Larrey et Double (1835) Recherches de statistique sur l’affection calculeuse, par M. le docteur Civiale. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie de Sciences [Statistical research on (urinary) stone, by M. Dr Civiale]. Paris: Bachelier, 167-177. View
Alcock R (1838) Notes on the medical history and statistics of the British Legion in Spain; comprising the results of gun-shot wounds, in relation to important questions in surgery. London: Churchill, p 8-9, 27, 47, 54, 58-59. View
Gavarret LDJ (1840) Principes généraux de statistique médicale: ou développement des régles qui doivent présider à son emploi [General principles of medical statistics: or the development of rules that must govern their use]. Paris: Bechet jeune & Labé. View
Alcock R (1840) Observations on injuries of joints and their treatment. Medico - chirurgical Transactions 23: 243-322. View
Alcock R (1840-41a) Lectures on amputations and on the nature, progress and termination of the injuries for which it is required (Lecture 1 of 20). Lancet 1:105-111 and passim up to 2:849—858. View
Alcock R (1840-41b) Lectures on amputations and on the nature, progress and termination of the injuries for which it is required (Lecture 2 of 20). Lancet 1:217-220 and passim up to 2:849—858. View
Bartlett E (1844) An essay on the philosophy of medical science. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard. View
Schweig G (1854) Auseinandersetzung der statistischen Methode [Deliberation about the statistical method]. Archiv fὔr physiologische Helkunde 13:305-355. View
Béclard PA (1863) Rapport général sur les prix décernés en 1862 [General report on the prizes awarded in 1862]. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale de Médecine XXVI, Paris: Ballière, pp. xxii-xxxv. View
Bennett JH (1865) The restorative treatment of pneumonia. Edinburgh, AC Black. View
Jürgensen T (1866) Klinische Studien über die Behandlung des Abdominalytyphus mittelst des kalten wassers [Clinical studes on the treatment of abdominal typhus with cold water]. Leipzig, Vogel, pviii. View
Fick A (1866) Die Medicinische Physik [Medical physics]. Braunschweig,Vieweg, pp 430-447. View
Jessen W (1867) Zur analytischen statistik [On analytic statistics]. Zeitschrift for biologie 3:128-136. View
Liebermeister C (1877) Ueber Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung in Anwendung auf therapeutische Statistik [On the calculus of probabilities applied to therapeutic statistics]. In: Volkmann R (ed), Sammlung Klinischer Vortrȁge, Innere Medicin, No 39, pp 935-962. View
Ephraim A (1893) Uber die Bedeutung de statistischen Methode für die Medicin [On the relevance of the statistical method for medicine]. Volkmann’s Sammlung Klinische Vortraege N.F. Innere Medicin 24:706-716. Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel. View
Greenwood M (1943) Statistical note. Lancet 2:634-5. View
Lancaster HO (1951) (1951) Quantitative methods in biological and medical sciences. Springer: New York. View
Mainland D (1952) Intercurrent Events. In: Elementary Medical Statistics: the principles of quantitative medicine. London: WB Saunders Company, p 109. [Facimile copy printed and bound in India. Pranava Books. 2- LB100151138852 -301 -4 sa.] View
Herdan G (1955) Statistics of Therapeutic Trials. Amsterdam: Elsevier. View
Sutherland I (1958) Statistical aspects of clinical trials. In: Dodds C, ed. Report of a Symposium on Clinical Trials held at The Royal Society of Medicine, London, 25 April, p 53, pp 50-55. View
Laurence DR, ed. (1959) Quantitative Methods in Human Pharmacology and Therapeutics. London: Pergamon Press. View
Lasagna L, Meier P (1959) Experimental Design and Statistical Problems. In: Waife SO, Shapiro AP, eds. The Clinical Evaluation of New Drugs. New York: Hoeber. pp 37-60. View
Knowelden J (1959) Prophylactic trials. In: Witts LJ ed. Medical Surveys and Clinical Trials. London: Oxford University Press. pp 118-133. View
Knowelden J (1960) The analysis and presentation of results. In: Hill AB, ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. In: Hill AB, ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 155-159. View
Bywaters E (1960) Rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment and illustrative answers. In: Hill AB ed. Controlled Clinical Trials. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp 75-83. View
Mainland D (1963) The significance of "nonsignificance". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 4:580-6. View
Mainland D (1963) Elementary medical statistics: 2nd edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co. View
Ley HL (1969) Antibiotic drugs: procedural and interpretive regulations. Federal Register Vol. 34, No. 180, pp14596-597. View
Armitage P (1971) Statistical methods in medical research. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Edinburgh. View
Newcombe RG (1988) Explanatory and pragmatic estimates of the treatment effect when deviations from allocated treatment occur. . Statistics in Medicine Volume 7, Issue 11 p. 1179-1186. View
Hill AB, Hill ID (1991) Differential exclusions. In: Bradford Hill’s Principles of Medical Statistics. 12th edition. London: Edward Arnold. pp 226-228. View
Hollis S, Campbell F (1999) What is meant by intention-to-treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. BMJ 319:670-674. View
Ruiz-Canela M, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, de Irala-Estevez J (2000) Intention-to-treat analysis is related to methodological quality. BMJ 320:107-108. View
Atkins D, Eccles M, Flottorp S, Guyatt GH, Henry D, Hill S, Liberati A, O'Connell D, Oxman AD, Phillips B, Schünemann H, Edejer TT, Vist GE, Williams JW and The GRADE Working Group (2004) Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations I: Critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group. BMC Health Services Research 2004 4:38 doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-4-38. View
Farewell V, Johnson T (2010) Woods and Russell, Hill, and the emergence of medical statistics. Statistics in Medicine 29:1459-1476. View
Montedori A, Cherubini A, Bonacini MI, Casazza G, Luchetta ML, Duca P, Cozzolino F, Abraha I (2011) Modified versus standard intention-to-treat reporting: Are there differences in methodological quality, sponsorship, and findings in randomised trials? A cross-sectional study. Trials 12:58. View
White IR, Carpenter J, Horton NJ (2012) Including all individuals is not enough: lessons for intention-to-treat analysis. Clinical Trials 9:396-407. View
Farewell V, Johnson T (2014) Major Greenwood’s Early Career and the First Departments of Medical Statistics. Statistics in Medicine 33: 2161 – 2173. View
Abraha I, Cherubini A, Cozzolino F, De Florio R, Luchetta ML, Rimland JM, Folletti I, Marchesi M, Germani A, Orso M, Eusebi P, Montedori A (2015) Deviation from intention to treat analysis in randomised trials and treatment effect estimates: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 2015;350:h2445. View
Farewell V, Johnson T (2016) Major Greenwood (1880 – 1949): a biographical and bibliographical study. Statistics in Medicine 35(5):645-670. View
Farewell V, Johnson T (2016) Major Greenwood (1880 – 1949): the biography. Statistics in Medicine 35: 5533-5535. View
Ristl R, Urach S, Rosenkranz G, Posch M (2018) Methods for the analysis of multiple endpoints in small populations: A review. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 29:1-29. View
Bradley VC, Kuriwaki S, Isakov M, Sejdinovic D, Meng X, Flaxman S (2021) Unrepresentative big surveys significantly overestimated US vaccine uptake. Nature 600, 695–700. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04198-4. View
Schoeler T, Speed D, Porcu E, Pirastu N, Pingault JB, Kutalik Z (2023) Participation bias in the UK Biobank distorts genetic associations and downstream analyses. Nat Hum Behav. 2023 Jul;7(7):1216-1227. doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01579-9. View
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Brief histories
Commentaries
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Doctoral theses
Tröhler U (1978).Quantification in British Medicine and Surgery 1750-1830, with special Reference to its Introduction into Therapeutics. Philosophy Thesis, University of London. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Rolls R (2003).Caleb Hillier Parry (1755-1822). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2003).John Clark 1780 & 1792: learning from properly kept records. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2003).John Clark (1744-1805). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2003).Withering’s 1785 appeal for caution when reporting on a new medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2003).James Lind and scurvy: 1747 to 1795. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2003).James Lind and the evaluation of clinical practice. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2003).Edward Alanson 1782: responsibility in surgical innovation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2003).Edward Alanson (1747-1823). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2003).MacLean 1818: comparing like with like and recognising ethical double standards in therapeutic experimentation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2003).Charles MacLean (c.1766-1824). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Morabia A (2004).Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis and the evaluation of bloodletting. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Huth EJ (2005).Quantitative evidence for judgments on the efficacy of inoculation for the prevention of smallpox: England and New England in the 1700s. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Lee MR (2005).William Withering (1741-1799), a biographical sketch of a Birmingham Lunatic. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Huth EJ (2006).Benjamin Franklin’s (1706-1790), place in the history of medicine. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Huth EJ (2006).Transatlantic ideas on the philosophy of therapeutics in the middle of the 19th century. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Huth EJ (2006).Elisha Bartlett (1804–1855), an American disciple of Jules Gavarret. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Huth EJ (2006).Jules Gavarret’s Principes Généraux de Statistique Médicale: a pioneering text on the statistical analysis of the results of treatments. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2007).An early 18th century proposal for improving medicine by tabulating and analysing practice. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Boylston AW (2008).Zabdiel Boylston (1679/80-1766). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Boylston AW (2008).William Watson’s use of controlled clinical experiments in 1768. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Boylston AW, Williams AE (2008).Zabdiel Boylston’s evaluation of inoculation against smallpox. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Moore W (2009).John Hunter: learning from natural experiments, ‘placebos’, and the state of mind of a patient in the 18th century. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Boylston AW (2010).Thomas Nettleton and the dawn of quantitative assessments of the effects of medical interventions. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2010).The introduction of numerical methods to assess the effects of medical interventions during the 18th century: a brief history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Boylston AW (2011).Observation and experimentation in developing ‘the Suttonian Method’ of inoculation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Boylston AW (2012).The origins of vaccination: no inoculation, no vaccination. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Boylston AW (2012).John Haygarth’s 18th century ‘Rules of Prevention’ for eradicating smallpox. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Boylston AW (2012).The origins of inoculation. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Milne I (2012).Who was James Lind, and what exactly did he achieve? JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Pormann PE (2013).Qualifying and quantifying medical uncertainty in 10th century Baghdad: Abu Bakr al-Razi. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2013).William Cheselden’s 1740 presentation of data on age-specific mortality after lithotomy. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Milne I, Chalmers I (2014).Alexander Lesassier Hamilton’s 1816 report of a controlled trial of bloodletting. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2014).Statistics and the British controversy about the effects of Joseph Lister’s system of antisepsis for surgery, 1867-1890. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Altman DG† (2017).Donald Mainland: anatomist, educator, thinker, medical statistician, trialist, rheumatologist. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Senn SJ (2017).Cushny and Peebles, optical isomers, and the birth of modern statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Marson Smith P, Colquhoun D, Chalmers I (2019).John Henry Gaddum’s 1940 guidance on controlled clinical trials JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Matthews RAJ (2020).The origins of the treatment of uncertainty in clinical medicine. Part 2: the emergence of probability theory and its limitations. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Tröhler U (2020)Probabilistic thinking and the evaluation of therapies, 1700-1900. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Matthews RAJ (2020).The origins of the treatment of uncertainty in clinical medicine. Part 1: Ancient roots, familiar disputes. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Held L, Matthews RAJ (2022).Paradigm lost: Carl Liebermeister and the development of modern medical statistics. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
Glasziou P, Matthews R, Boutron I, Chalmers I, Armitage P† (2023)The differences and overlaps between ‘explanatory’ and ‘pragmatic’ controlled trials: a historical perspective. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation. View
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