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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments through history
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Haygarth J (1800)
Of the imagination, as a cause and as a cure of disorders of the body: exemplified by fictitious tractors, and epidemical convulsions. Bath: R. Crutwell.
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Haygarth J (1784)
An inquiry into how to prevent smallpox. Chester and London.
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Haygarth J (1793)
Sketch of a plan to exterminate the casual smallpox from Great Britain; and to introduce general inoculation. London: J Johnson
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Haygarth J (1803)
A letter to Dr Percival on the prevention of infections, fevers… Annals of Medicine. Vol II, Lustrum II, 51-78.
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Haygarth J (1805)
A clinical history of diseases 1. Acute rheumatism. 2. Nodosity of the joints. London: Cadell and Davies.
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Lettsom JC (1775)
On the improvement of medicine in London on the basis of public good. London: Phillips.
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Percival T (1788)
Essays medical, philosophical and experimental Vol 1.4th ed. Warrington: Eyres, for London: Johnson.
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Percival T (1803)
Medical ethics or, a code of institutes and precepts adapted to the professional conduct of physicians and surgeons. Manchester: S Russell for J Johnson.
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Falconer W (1807)
A practical dissertation on the effects of the medicinal effects of the Bath waters. London and Bath: Robinson & Crutwell. 3rd edition Bath: Meyler and London: Robinson, pp 29, 40-41, 50-52, 72-74, 99, 101, 106, 115-116, 117, 124.
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Lettsom JC (1774)
Medical memoirs of the General Dispensary in London. London: for the Author.
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ALL ARTICLES
Brief histories
Commentaries
Biographies
Personal reflections
Doctoral theses
Booth CC† (2002).
John Haygarth FRS (1740-1827). JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Boylston AW (2012).
John Haygarth’s 18th century ‘Rules of Prevention’ for eradicating smallpox. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Tröhler U (2020)
Probabilistic thinking and the evaluation of therapies, 1700-1900. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Tröhler U (2010).
The introduction of numerical methods to assess the effects of medical interventions during the 18th century: a brief history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Donaldson IML (2016).
Antoine de Lavoisier’s role in designing a single-blind trial to assess whether ‘Animal Magnetism’ exists. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Mirza RD, Punja S, Vohra S, Guyatt G (2017).
The history and development of N of 1 trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Kirakosian R, Möllenbrink L, Zamore G, Kaptchuk TJ, Jensen K (2023).
Heresy, witchcraft, Jean Gerson, scepticism, and the use of placebo controls. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Boylston AW (2012).
The origins of vaccination: no inoculation, no vaccination. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Kaptchuk TJ (2011).
A brief history of the evolution of methods to control observer biases in tests of treatments. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Moore W (2009).
John Hunter: learning from natural experiments, ‘placebos’, and the state of mind of a patient in the 18th century. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Wartolowska K, Beard DJ, Carr AJ (2017).
The use of placebos in controlled trials of surgical interventions: a brief history. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Senn SJ, Chalmers I (2021).
Giving and taking: ethical treatment assignment in controlled trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Tröhler U (2003).
John Clark 1780 & 1792: learning from properly kept records. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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Tröhler U (2003).
James Lind and the evaluation of clinical practice. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation.
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1.1 Why treatment uncertainties should be addressed
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2.4 The need to avoid differences in the way treatment outcomes are assessed
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2.9 Recognizing researcher/sponsor biases and fraud
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3.1 Recording and interpreting numbers in testing treatments
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A Timeline of Fair Tests of Treatments
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Diferencias en la manera en que se evalúan los resultados de los tratamientos
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Diferenças na maneira como os resultados dos tratamentos são avaliados
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Différences dans la façon dont les résultats des traitements sont évalués
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Por que os experimentos controlados são necessários?
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Por qué se necesitan pruebas auténticas
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Pourquoi des essais contrôlés sont-ils nécessaires
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The James Lind Library
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Почему необходимы объективные тесты
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Различия в способах оценки результатов лечения
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الاختلافات بين الطريقة التي يجري بها تقيـيم المعالجات
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السبب وراء الحاجة إلى الاختبارات غير المتحيزة
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为什么需要进行公平试验
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治疗结局评价方式的差异
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Why treatment uncertainties should be addressed
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Topics
Individual patient data
Pre-clinical
Fair tests of treatments
The need to address treatment uncertainties
Principles of Testing
Treatment comparisons are essential
Dramatic effects
Placebo effects
Treatment comparisons must be fair
Biases
Design bias
Allocation bias
N-of-1 crossover
Cluster allocation
Crossover tests
Factorial design
Co-intervention bias
Observer bias
Double dummy
Analysis bias
Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
Reporting bias
Biases in systematic reviews
Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
The play of chance
Recording and interpreting numbers
Quantifying uncertainty
Using meta-analysis
Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
Improving reports of research
Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
Using the results of research