Records

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

Pre-18th Century

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE). Case 25. Instruction for a dislocation of his mandible. [Original in the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine. Facsimile in Breasted JH (1930). Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, IX 2-6. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.]

Daniel (6th century BCE). Chapter 1:1-16

al-Razi (10th century CE; 4th Century AH). Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb [The comprehensive book of medicine].

Ibn Hindu (10th-11th century CE; 4th-5th century AH). Miftah al-tibb wa-minhaj al-tullab [The key to the science of medicine and the students' guide].

Ben Cao Tu Jing (11th century CE). (Atlas of Materia Medica). Song Dynasty (960-1279).

Ibn Sina (11 century CE).  Kitab Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb. [The images of the title page and selected key passages reproduced here are taken from a printed copy of the book, based on a Florentine manuscript, in the rare book collection of the Sibbald Library at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.]

Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (d. 1231). Kitab an-Nasihatain [Book of the two pieces of advice]. Bursa, MS Hüseyin Çelebi 823, p 6, 7-16.

Francesco Petrarca (1364). Letter to Bocaccio, Rerum Senilium  V.3.

Fioravanti L (1573). Communication addressed to "Illustrissimo e Eccellentissimo Signor Al Protofisico Boldon e al Vicario di Giustizia", 22 xxxx 1573.

Paré A (1575).  Les oeuvres de M. Ambroise Paré conseiller, et premier chirurgien du Roy avec les figures & portraicts tant de l'Anatomie que des instruments de Chirurgie, & de plusieurs Monstres. ……. Paris: Gabriel Buon.

Bacon, F (1645). Franc. Baconis de Verulamio / Summi Angliae Cancellarii /Novum organumscientiarum. [Francis Bacon of St. Albans Lord Chancellor of England. A 'New Instrument' for the sciences] Lugd. Bat: apud Adrianum Wiingaerde, et Franciscum Moiardum. Aphorism XLVI (pages 45-46).

Van Helmont JB (1648). Ortus medicinæ: Id est Initia physicæ inaudita. Progressus medicinae novus, in morborum ultionem, ad vitam longam. [The dawn of medicine: That is, the beginning of a new Physic. A new advance in medicine, a victory over disease, to [promote] a long life] Amsterodami: Apud Ludovicum Elzevirium.

Wiseman R (1676). Severall chirugicall treatises. London: R Royston, p 123.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

18th Century

Massey I (1723). A short and plain account of inoculation. With some remarks on the main argument made use of to recommend that practice, by Mr. Maitland and others. To which is added, a letter to the learned James Jurin, M.D.R.S. Secr. Col. Reg. Med. Lond. Soc. In answer to his letter to the learned Dr. Cotesworth, and his comparison between the mortality of natural and inoculated small pox. The second edition. London: W. Meadows.

Jurin J (1724). A letter to the learned Dr. Caleb Cotesworth, F. R. S. of the College of Physicians, London, and physician to St. Thomas's Hospital; containing a comparison between the danger of the natural small pox, and that given by inoculation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1722 - 1723), 32:213-227.

Nettleton T (1724). Part of a letter from Dr. Nettleton, physician at Halifax, to Dr. Jurin, R. S. Sec concerning the inoculation of the small pox, and the mortality of that distemper in the natural way. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1722 - 1723), 32: 209-212.

Boylston Z (1726). Historical account of the small-pox inoculated in New-England, upon all sorts of persons, whites, blacks, and of all ages and constitutions. London: Printed for S. Chandler.

Scheuchzer JG (1729). An account of the success of inoculating the small-pox in Great Britain, for the years 1727 and 1728: With a comparison between the mortality of the natural small-pox, and the miscarriages in that practice; as also some general remarks on its progress and success, since its first introduction . . . London: J. Peele.

Clifton F (1732). The state of physick, ancient and modern, briefly considered: with a plan for the improvement of it. London printed by W Bowyer, for John Nourse without Temple-Bar, 1732.

Monro A (1737). Remarks on the amputations of the larger extremities. In: Medical essays and observations. Edinburgh: T & W Ruddimans.

Cheselden W (1740). The anatomy of the human body. 5th edition. London: William Bowyer.

Berkeley G (1752). Farther thoughts on tar-water.

Monro A (1752). Remarks on the amputations of the larger extremities. In: Medical essays and observations. Edinburgh: Hamilton, Balfour, Neill.

Lind J (1753). A treatise of the scurvy. In three parts. Containing an inquiry into the nature, causes and cure, of that disease. Together with a critical and chronological view of what has been published on the subject. Edinburgh: Printed by Sands, Murray and Cochran for A Kincaid and A Donaldson.

Faure (1759). Recueil des pieces qui ont concouru pour le prix de L’Académie Royale de Chirurgie. Vol 8. Paris, P.Al Le Prieur.

Franklin B (1759). Some account on the success of inoculation for the small-pox in England and America. London: W Strahan.

Repertoire du Regi[s]tre CC (1761). Maladies Vénériennes, et la Chambre Noble. Archives d’Etat de Genève, Arch. Hosp. Aa 104, 18 janvier, p 53, and 6 décembre, pp 135-6.

Lind J (1762). Lind J. An essay on the most effectual means of preserving the health of seamen, in the Royal Navy. London: D Wilson.

Lind J (1763). Two papers on fevers and infection. London: D Wilson.

Bilguer JU (1764). A dissertation on the inutility of the amputation of limbs. London

Stone E (1764). An account of the success of the bark of the willow in the cure of agues.  Philosophical Transactions 53:195-200.

Watson W (1768). An account of a series of experiments, instituted with a view of ascertaining the most successful method of inoculating the smallpox. London: J Nourse.

Millar J  (1770). Observations on the prevailing diseases in Great Britain. London: Cadell.

Lind J (1771).  An essay on diseases incidental to Europeans in hot climates. London: Becket and De Hondt.

Cullen W (1772). Clinical lectures. Edinburgh, Feb-April, 218- 9.

Gregory J (1772). Lectures on the duties and qualifications of a physician. London: Strahan and Cadell.

Lettsom JC (1774). Medical memoirs of the General Dispensary in London. London: for the Author.

Sims J (1774). A discourse on the best methods of prosecuting medical enquiries. London: J Johnson.

Clark J (1780). Observations on fevers, especially of the continued type. London: T Cadell.

Home F (1780). Clinical Experiments, Histories and Dissections. Edinburgh: Creech; London: Murray.

Mesmer FA (1781). Précis historique des faits relatifs au magnétisme animal jusques en avril 1781. Par M. Mesmer, Docteur en Médecine de la Faculté de Vienne. Ouvrage traduit de l'Allemand. A Londres [false imprint, probably Paris]

Alanson E (1782). Practical observations on amputation, and the after-treatment, 2nd edn. London: Joseph Johnson.

Black W (1782).  An historical sketch of medicine and surgery from their origin to the present time. London: J Johnson.

Commission Royale. Bailly A (1784). Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi, de l'examen du magnétisme animale. Imprimé par ordre du Roi. Paris: A Paris, de L'Imprimerie Royale.

Lavoisier A-L de (1784). Undated documents contained in: Mémoires de Lavoisier, Oeuvres, Tome III.  Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1865. pp 499-513.

Fowler T (1785). Medical reports of the effects of tobacco in the cure of dropsies and dysuries… London: J Johnson.

Withering W (1785). An account of the foxglove and some of its medical uses: with practical remarks on dropsy and other diseases. London: J and J Robinson.

Parry CH (1786). Experiments relative to the medical effects of Turkey Rhubarb, and of the English Rhubarbs, No. I and No. II made on patients of the Pauper Charity. Letters and Papers of the Bath Society III:431-453.

Hunter J (1788). A treatise on the venereal disease. London: G Nicol and J Johnson, pp 69-70.

Black W (1789). An arithmetical and medical analysis of the diseases and mortality of the human species. London: J Johnson.

Robertson R (1789).  Observations on jail, hospital, or ship fever. London: for the Author.

Robertson R (1790).  Essay on fever. London: printed for the author.

Sims RC (1791). Letter VI. Letters and Papers of the Bath Society III: 486-487.

Clark J (1792). Observations on the diseases which prevail in long voyages to hot countries. London: J Murray.

Ferriar J (1792). Medical histories and reflections. Vol 1. London: Cadell and Davies.

Trotter T (1792). Observations on the scurvy. London: Longman, pp 137-138, 184.

Fordyce G (1793). An attempt to improve the evidence of medicine.  Transactions of a Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge.  London: J Johnson.

Hunter J (1794). A treatise on the blood, inflammation and gun-shot wounds.  London: G Nichol, p 531.

Fordyce G (1798).  A third dissertation on fever, Parts I & II. London: J Johnson.

Millar J (1798)a. Observations on the management of diseases in the Army and Navy in reply to Dr. Monroe.  London: for the Author.

Millar J (1798)b. Observations on the conduct of the war. An appeal to the people of Great Britain. London: for the author.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

19th Century

Haygarth J (1800). Of the imagination, as a cause and as a cure of disorders of the body: exemplified by fictitious tractors, and epidemical convulsions. Bath: R. Crutwell.

Cooper A (1801).  Farther observations on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the ear; with an account of the operation for the removal of a particular species of deafness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Part 1:435-451.

Fordyce G (1802).  A second dissertation on fever. London: J Johnson.

Fordyce G (1803).  A fifth dissertation on fever. London: J Johnson.

Cumming R (1805). On the use of aqua frigida in scalds, in epidemic ophthalmia, and the effects of cold on the human body. Medical and Physical Journal. 14:239-241.

Jesty B (1805). Original Vaccine Pock Institution. No.44 Broad Street, Golden Square, 6 September Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 513-515.

Blane G (1813). Observations on the comparative prevalence, mortality, & treatment of different diseases.... Medico-chirurgical Transactions, Vol 4, pp 89-141, London.

Guthrie GJ (1815). A treatise on gun-shot wounds. London: Burgess and Hill.

Hamilton AL (1816). Dissertatio Medica Inauguralis De Synocho Castrensi (Inaugural medical dissertation on camp fever). Edinburgh: J Ballantyne.

MacLean C (1818). Results of an Investigation, respecting Epidemic and Pestilential Diseases. London: Underwood.

Hawkins FB (1829). The elements of medical statistics. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green.

Todd TJ (1831). The book of analysis or a new method of experience..... London.

Ministry of Internal Affairs (1832). [Conclusion of the Medical Council regarding homeopathic treatment]. Zhurnal Ministerstva Vnutrennih del 3:49–63.

Bigelow J (1835). A discourse on self-limited diseases, delivered before the Massachusetts Medical Society at their annual meeting, May 27, 1835. Boston: Nathan Hale, pp 8-10.

Hunter J (1835). The works of John Hunter FRS, edited by James F Palmer, Vol 1. London: Longman et al., p 360.

Löhner G, on behalf of a Society of truth-loving men (1835). Die Homoöopathischen Kochsalzversuche zu Nürnberg.

Louis PCA (1835). Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dans quelques maladies inflammatoires et sur l'action de l'émétique et des vésicatoires dans la pneumonie. Paris: Librairie de l'Académie royale de médecine.

Poisson, Dulong, Larrey et Double (1835). Recherches de statistique sur l’affection calculeuse, par M. le docteur Civiale. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie de Sciences. Paris: Bachelier, 167-177.

Carlisle A (1839). On the production of representations of objects by the action of light. Mechanics Journal, p 329.

Gavarret LDJ (1840). Principes généraux de statistique médicale: ou dèveloppement des règles qui doivent provider à son emploi. Paris: Bechet jeune & Labé.

Bartlett E (1845). An essay on the philosophy of medical science. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.

Forbes J (1846). Homoeopathy, allopathy and “young physic”. British and Foreign Medical Review 225-265.

Simpson JY (1847). Account of a new anesthetic agent. Edinburgh.

Balfour TG (1854). Quoted in West C. Lectures on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood. London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, p 600.

Tessier JP (1852). De la médication homoeopathique. Paris: JB Ballière.

Treatment Committee of the Medical Council (1855). Report on the results of the different methods of treatment pursued in epidemic cholera. [Metropolitan Report and Report on the Provinces throughout England and Scotland]. Report to the General Board of Health. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

Airy GB (1861). On the algebraical and numerical theory of errors of observations and the combination of observations. Cambridge, MacMillan and co.

Holmes OW (1861). Currents and countercurrents in medical science with other addresses and essays. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1861.

Semmelweis I (1861).  Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers [The etiology, concept, and prophylaxis of childbed fever]. Budapest and Vienna.

Béclard PA (1863). Rapport général sur les prix décernés en 1862. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale de Médecine XXVI, Paris: Ballière, pp. xxii-xxxv.

Flint A (1863). A contribution toward the natural history of articular rheumatism; consisting of a report of thirteen cases treated solely with palliative measures. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 46:17-36.

Bennett JH (1865). The restorative treatment of pneumonia. Edinburgh, AC Black.

Bernard C (1865). Introduction à l’étude de la médicine expérimentale. Paris: Flammarion.

Sutton HG (1865).Cases of rheumatic fever treated for the most part by mint water. Guy’s Hosp Rep 2:392-428

Liebreich O (1869). Das Chloral, ein neues Hypnoticum und Anaesthetikum. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 6:325-327.

Bain A (1870).  Logic. London: Longmans, Green, Reade. p 362.

Lister J (1870). Effects of the antiseptic system of treatment upon the salubrity of a surgical hospital. Lancet 1:40-42.

Crichton Browne J (1872). Conium in the treatment of acute mania. Lancet 1:143-4, 182-3, 217-8.

Maclagan T (1876). The treatment of acute rheumatism by salicin. Lancet 1:342-43 & 383-84. Lancet 1:40-42.

Storke EF, Martin R, Rosenkrans EM, Ford J, Schloemilch A, McDermott GC, Carlson OW (1880). Final report of the Milwaukee test of the thirtieth dilution. Homoeopathic Times 7:12/280-1.

Pasteur L (1881). Compte rendu sommaire des expériences rates á Pouilly-le-Fort, prés Melun, sur la vaccination charbonneuse. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 92: 1378-1383.

Cook County Board of Commissioners  (1882).  Proceedings, 1881-1882.  Chicago, Illinois, 222-223.

Rayleigh (1885). Address by the Rt. Hon. Lord Rayleigh. In: Report of the fifty-fourth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Montreal in August and September 1884, London: John Murray: 3-23.

Ephraim A (1890-1894).  Uber die Bedeutung de statistischen Methode für die Medicin. Volkmann’s Sammlung Klinische Vortraege N.F. Innere Medicin 24:706-716. Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel.

Andrew J (1891). Harveian Oration. London: Adlard and Son. pp 16-19.

Murray GM (1891). Note on the treatment of myxoedema by hypodermic injections of an extract of the thyroid gland of a sheep. BMJ 2:796-797.

Behring EA, Boer, Kossel H (1893). Zur Behandlung diphtheriekranker Menschen mit Diphtherieheilserum. Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift 17:389-393.

Roux E, Martin L, Chaillou A (1894). Trois cent cas de diphthérie traité par le serum antidiphthérique.  Annales de l’Institut Pasteur 8:640-661.

Finsen J (1896). Om Anvendelse I Medicinen af koncentrerede kemiske Lysstraaler.

Pregl F (1896). Zwei weitere ergographische Versuchsreihen über die Wirkung orchistischen Extraktes. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie 62:379-399.

Heiberg P (1897).Studier over den statistiske undersøgelsesmetode som hjælpemiddel ved terapeutiske undersøgelser [Studies on the statistical study design as an aid in therapeutic trials]. Bibliotek for Læger 89:1-40.

Vorderman AG (1897). Onderzoek naar het verband tusschen den aard der rijstvoeding in de gevangenissen op Java en Madoera en het voorkomen van beri-beri onder de geïnterneerden. Batavia: Jav. Boekh. & Drukkerij.

Fibiger J (1898).  Om serumbehandling af difteri [On treatment of diphtheria with serum]. Hospitalstidende 6:309-325.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

20th Century

1900's

Pearson K (1904). Report on certain enteric fever inoculation statistics. British Medical Journal 3:1243-1246.

Cushny AR, Peebles AR (1905). The action of optical isomers. II. Hyoscines. J Physiology 32:501-510.

Netter A (1906). Efficacité de l’ingestion de chlorure de calcium comme moyen préventif des éruptions consecutives aux injections de sérum. Séances et Mémoires de la Société de Biologie 58:279-280.

Takaki K (1906). On the preservation of health among the personnel of the Japanese navy and army. Lancet 1:1369.

Fletcher W (1907). Rice and beri-beri: preliminary report on an experiment conducted in the Kuala Lumpur Insane Asylum. Lancet 1:1776-1779.

Goldberger J (1907). Typhoid "bacillus carriers." In: Rosenau MJ, Lumsden LL, Kastle JH. Report on the origin and prevalence of typhoid fever in the District of Columbia. Hygienic Laboratory, Bulletin No 35, pp 167-174.

Rivers WHR (1908). The influence of alcohol and other drugs on fatigue. London: Edward Arnold.

Alt K (1909). Behandlungsversuche mit Arsenophenylglyzin bei Paralytikern. Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 56:1457-1459.

Editorial (1909). The reporting of unsuccessful cases. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 161:263-264.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

1910's

Jansen H (1910). Behandling med Radiumemanation særlig ved gigtiske Lidelser. [Treatment with radium emanation especially with rheumatic diseases]. Ugeskrift for Læger 72:1333-48.

Wechselmann W (1910). Über die Behandlung der Syphilis mit Dioxydiamido-arseno-benzol. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 47:1261-1264.

McDonagh JER (1912). Salvarsan in syphilis and allied diseases. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications.

Rosenow EC, Hektoen L (1913). Treatment of pneumonia with partially autolyzed pneumococci. JAMA 61:2203-4.

Bingel A (1918). Über Behandlung der Diphtherie mit gewöhnlichem Pferdeserum. Deutsches Archiv für Klinische Medizin 125:284-332.

Bleuler E (1919). Das undisziplinierte Denken in der Medizin und seine Überwindung. Berlin: Springer

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

1920's

Gray AW (1920). Antipneumococcus serum (Kyes’s) in the treatment of pneumonia. American Journal of Medical Sciences 159:885-891.

Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campbell WR, Fletcher AA (1922). Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Canadian Medical Association Journal 12:141-146.

Cecil RL, Larsen NP (1922). Clinical and bacteriologic study of one thousand cases of lobar pneumonia. JAMA 79:343-349.

Johnston RA, Sidall RS (1922). Is the usual method of preparing patients for delivery beneficial or necessary? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4:645-650.

Chick H, Dalyell EJ, Hume EM, Mackay HMM, Henderson Smith H, Wimberger H (1923). Observations upon the prophylaxis and cure of rickets at the University Kinderklinik, Vienna. In: Medical Research Council. Studies of rickets in Vienna, 1919-22. Special Report Series No. 77, London: HMSO, pp 19-94.

Goldberger J, Waring CH, Tanner WF (1923). Pellagra prevention by diet among inmates. Pub Hlth Rep 38:2361-68.

Kopeloff N, Kirby GH (1923). Focal infection and mental disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 3:149-197.

Fletcher W (1925). The relative efficiency of quinine and quinidine in the treatment if malaria. In: Medical Research Council. Clinical comparisons of quinine and quinidine. London: HMSO, pp 17-27.

Lewis S (1925). Arrowsmith. New York: Collier.

Corry Mann HC (1926). Diets for boys during the school age. Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 105, London: HMSO.

Minot GR, Murphy WP (1926). Treatment of pernicious anaemia by a special diet. JAMA 87:470-476.

Ferguson FR, Davey AFC, Topley WWC (1927). The value of mixed vaccines in the prevention of the common cold. Journal of Hygiene 26:98-109.

Harris KE (1927). Series of cases of auricular fibrillation treated with quinidine sulphate. Heart 14:283-288.

Bullowa JGM (1928a). Use of antipneumococcic serum in lobar pneumonia: data necessary for a comparison between cases treated with serum and cases not so treated, and the importance of a significant control series of cases. JAMA 90:1354-1358.

Bullowa JGM (1928b). The control. Contribution to a symposium on the use of antipneumococcic refined serum in lobar pneumonia, 15 December 1927. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Sciences 4:339-343.

Cecil RL (1928). Specific treatment of lobar pneumonia. Arch Int Med 41:295-335.

Cecil RL, Sutliff WD (1928). The treatment of lobar pneumonia with concentrated anti-pneumococcus serum. Journal of the American Medical Association 91:2036-2040.

Park WH, Bullowa JGM, Rosenbluth NM (1928). The treatment of lobar pneumonia with refined specific antibacterial serum. JAMA 91:1503-1508.

Bullowa JGM (1929). The serum treatment and its evaluation in lobar pneumonia. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 5:328-362.

Colebrook D (1929).  Irradiation and health. Medical Research Council Special Report Series No.131.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

1930's

Cecil RL, Plummer N (1930). Pneumococcus type I pneumonia - a study of eleven hundred and sixty-one cases, with especial reference to specific therapy. JAMA 95:1547-1553.

Leighton G, McKinlay PL (1930). Milk consumption and the growth of schoolchildren. Department of Health for Scotland. Edinburgh and London: HM Stationery Office.

Woods HM, Russell WT (1930). An introduction to medical statistics. 2nd edn. London: Staples Press.

Wyckoff J, Du Bois EF, Woodruff IO (1930). The therapeutic value of digitalis in pneumonia. JAMA 95:1243-1249.

Amberson JB, McMahon BT, Pinner M (1931). A clinical trial of sanocrysin in pulmonary tuberculosis. American Review of Tuberculosis 24:401-435.

Doull JA, Hardy M, Clark JH, Herman NB (1931). The effect of irradiation with ultra-violet light on the frequency of attacks of upper respiratory disease (common colds). American Journal of Hygiene 13:460-77.

Green HN, Pindar D, Davis G, Mellanby E (1931). Diet as a prophylactic agent against puerperal sepsis. BMJ 2:595-598.

Ellison JB (1932). Intensive vitamin therapy in measles. BMJ 2:708-711.

Martini P (1932). Methodenlehre der Therapeutischen Untersuchung. Berlin: Springer.

Riding D, Corkhill NL (1932). Prophylactic vaccination in epidemic meningococcal meningitis. Journal of Hygiene 32:258-267.

Diehl HS (1933). Medicinal treatment of the common cold. JAMA 101:2042-2049.

Evans W, Hoyle C (1933). The comparative value of drugs used in the continuous treatment of angina pectoris. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 7:311-338.

Field JW (1934). The substitution of atebrin for quinine in treated “ambulatory” cases of malaria on rubber estates. In: Neave Kingsbury A. Annual Report of the Institute for Medical Research, Federated Malay States, pp 16-24.

Greenwood M (1934). Epidemics and crowd-diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Medical Research Council Therapeutic Trials Committee (1934). The serum treatment of lobar pneumonia. BMJ 1:241-245.

Walker MB (1934). Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine. Lancet 1934;1:1200-1201.

Hediger E, Gold H (1935). USP ether from large drums and ether from can labeled ‘For Anesthesia’. JAMA 104:2244-2448.

Kalke M (1935). Hikoilukuurin vaikutuksesta influensan kulkuun ja sen leviämisestä eri paikkakunnilta saapuneiden asevelvollisten keskuuessa VJP:ssä v.1933. Sotilaslääketieteellinen Aikakauslehti, s28-34.

Robin L, Van-Huan T (1935). Essais comparés de prophylaxie médicamenteuse en région hyperendémique par la praequine et la quinine ou la quinacrine. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique 28:650-658.

Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936). Treatment of human puerperal infections, and of experimental infections in mice, with prontosil. Lancet 1:1279-1286.

Colebrook L, Kenny M (1936). Treatment with prontosil of puerperal infections due to haemolytic streptococci. Lancet 2:1319-1322.

Doull JA, Shibley GS, McClelland JE (1936). Active immunization against whooping cough: interim report of the Cleveland experience. American Journal of Public Health 26:1097-1105.

Gilliam AG, Onstott RH (1936). Results of field studies with poliomyelitis vaccine. American Journal of Public Health 26:113-118.

Bastianelli G, Mosna E, Canalis A (1937). Prevention and treatment of malaria by synthetic drugs. Bulletin of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations 6:822-891.

Colebrook L, Purdie AW (1937). Treatment of 106 cases of puerperal fever by sulphanilamide. Lancet 2:1237-1242 & 1291-1294.

Field JW, Niven JC, Hodgkin EP (1937). The prevention of malaria in the field by the use of quinine and atebrine. Bulletin of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations 6:236-290.

Gold H, Kwit NT, Otto H (1937). The xanthines (theobromine and aminophyllin) in the treatment of cardiac pain. JAMA 108;2173-2179.

Hill AB (1937). Principles of medical statisitics. London: Lancet.

Hogarth JC (1937). Para-benzylaminobenzene-sulphonamide in the treatment of scarlet fever. BMJ 2:1160-1162.

Parrot A, Catanei A, Ambialet R, Clastrier J (1937). Comparative experiments in mass prophylaxis of malaria by means of quinine and synthetic drugs (quinacrine and praequine). Bulletin of the Health Organization of the League of Nations 6:685-765.

Snodgrass WR, Anderson T (1937). Prontosil in the treatment of erysipelas: a controlled series of 312 cases. BMJ 2:101-104.

Snodgrass WR, Anderson T (1937). Sulphanilamide in the treatment of erysipelas: a controlled series of 270 cases. BMJ 2:1156-1159.

Theobald GW (1937). Effect of calcium and vitamin A and D on incidence of pregnancy toxaemia. Lancet 2:1397-1399.

Wilbur DL, MacLean AR, Allen EV (1937). Clinical observations on the effect of Benzedrine sulphate. JAMA 109:549-54.

Diehl HS, Baker AB, Cowan DW (1938). Cold vaccines: an evaluation based on a controlled study. JAMA 111:1168-1173.

Evans GM, Gaisford WF (1938). Treatment of pneumonia with 2-(p-aminobenzene sulphonamido) pyridine. Lancet 2:14-19.

Harrison WT, Franklin JP, Bell JA (1938). Prophylactic value of a single dose of precipitated pertussis vaccine. Public Health Reports 53:793-796.

Ross RA, Perlzweig WA, Taylor HM, McBryde A, Yates A, Kondritzer AA, Durham NC (1938). A study of certain dietary factors of possible etiologic significance in toxemias of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 35:426-440.

Schwentker FF, Waghelstein J (1938). A note on the use of sulfanilamide in scarlet fever. Baltimore Health News 15:41-44.

Anderson T (1939). Sulphanilamide in the treatment of measles. BMJ 1:716-718.

Banks HS (1939). Chemotherapy of meningococcal meningitis. Lancet 2:921-927.

Kendrick P, Eldering G (1939). A study in active immunization against pertussis.  American Journal of Hygiene 29 Sec. B:133-153.

Master AM, Jaffe HL, Dack S (1939). The drug treatment of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. American Journal of Medical Science 197:774-782.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

1940's

Gaddum JH (1940). Pharmacology. London: Oxford University Press, pp 378-383, 1940.

Lindquist EF (1940). Statistical analysis in educational research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Menten ML, Macdonald RR, Brönykovsky N (1940). Treatment of pneumonia by sulfaprydine and by hydroxyethylapocupreine dihydrochloride. American Journal of Diseases of Children 59:497-508.

Pratt JG, Rhine JB, Smith BM, Stuart CE, Greenwood JA (1940). Extra-sensory perception after sixty years: a critical appraisal of the research in extra-sensory perception. New York: Henry Holt.

Sidell N, Abrams MI (1940). Treatment of chronic arthritis. JAMA 144:1740-1742.

Bell JA (1941). Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine. Public Health Reports 56:1535-1546.

Cochrane AL (1941). Reported in: Sickness in Salonica: my first, worst, and most successful clinical trial. BMJ 1984;289:1726-1727.

Kaufman P (1941). Studies on old age pneumonia. II. Prophylactic effect of pneumococcus polysaccharide against pneumonia. Archives of Internal Medicine 61:304-319.

Miller M (1941). Benzedrine sulphate in the treatment of nicotinism. Medical Record 2:590-593.

Plummer N, Liebmann J, Solomon S, Kammerer WH, Kalkstein M, Ensworth HK (1941). Chemotherapy versus combined chemotherapy and serum. JAMA 116:2366-2371.

Wagle PM, Sokhey SH, Dikshit BB, Ganapathy K (1941). Chemotherapy in plague. Indian Medical Gazette 76:29-32.

Kendrick PL (1942). Use of alum-treated pertussis vaccine, and alum-precipitated combined pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid, for active immunization. American Journal of Public Health 32:615-626.

People's League of Health (1942). Nutrition of expectant and nursing mothers: interim report. Lancet 2:10-12.

British Homoeopathic Society (1943). Report on mustard gas experiments (Glasgow and London). British Homoeopathic Journal 33:1–12.

Fowke H (1943). The effect of supplements of vitamins and minerals on the health of girls. BMJ 1943 - supplements.

Hopkins WA (1943). Patulin in the common cold. IV: Biological properties: extended trial in the common cold. Lancet 631-635.

Kendrick PK (1943). Field study of alum-precipitated combined pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid for active immunization.  American Journal of Hygiene 38:193-202.

Sigler LH, Tulgan J (1943). Treatment of angina pectoris by testosterone propionate. New York State Journal of Medicine 43:1424-1428.

Stuart-Harris CH, Francis AE, Stansfeld JM (1943). Patulin in the common cold. Lancet 2:684.

Coburn AF (1944). The prevention of respiratory tract bacterial infections. JAMA 126:88-89.

Dieckmann WJ, Adair FL, Michel H, Kramer S, Dunkle F, Arthur B, Costin M, Campbell A, Wensley AC, Lorang E (1944). Calcium, phosphorus, iron and nitrogen balances in pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 47:357-368.

Florey ME, Williams REO (1944). Hand infections treated with penicillin. Lancet 1:73-81.

Hinshaw HC, Feldman WH (1944). Evaluation of therapeutic agents in clinical tuberculosis. American Review in Tuberculosis 50:202-213.

Medical Research Council (1944). Clinical trial of patulin in the common cold. Lancet 2:373-375.

Scadding JG (1944). Comparative effects of sulphonamide drugs in mild bacillary dysentery. Lancet 1:784-786.

Stansfeld JM, Francis AE, Stuart-Harris CH (1944). Laboratory and clinical trials of Patulin. Lancet 2:370-372.

Fraser TN (1944-45). Gold treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 4:71-75.

Fletcher RT, Scadding JG (1945). Observations on the M.I. room treatment of “acute simple diarrhoea” with sulphaguanidine. Unpublished manuscript.

Gunther M (1945). Sore nipples - causes and prevention. Lancet 2:590-593.

Havens WP, Paul JR (1945). Prevention of infectious hepatitis with gamma globulin. JAMA 129:270-272.

Higgins G, O'Brien JRP, Peters RA, Stewart A, Witts LJ (1945). Treatment of infectious hepatitis with methionine. BMJ 1:401-402.

MacLeod CM, Hodges RG, Heidelberger M, Bernhard WG (1945). Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunization with specific capsular polysaccharides. Journal of Experimental Medicine 82:445-465.

McFarlan AM, Topley E, Fisher M (1945). Trial of whooping-cough vaccine in city and residential nursery groups.  BMJ 2:205-208.

Scadding JG (1945). Sulphonamides in bacillary dysentery. Lancet 2:549-553.

Wilson C, Pollock MR, Harris AD (1945). Therapeutic trial of methionine in infective hepatitis. BMJ 1:399-401.

Waller H (1946). The early failure of breast feeding: a clinical study of its causes and their prevention. Archives of Disease in Childhood 21:1-12.

Wilson C, Pollock MR, Harris AD (1946). Diet in the treatment of infective hepatitis. Lancet 1:881-883.

Glickman I (1947). The use of penicillin lozenges in the treatment of Vincent’s infection and other acute gingival inflammations. Journal of the American Dental Association 34:406-409.

Robinson M (1947). Cramps in pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 54:826-829.

Robinson M (1947). Hormonal treatment of deficient lactation. Lancet 2:90-92.

Wills L, Hill G, Bingham K, Miall M, Wrigley J (1947). Haemoglobin levels in pregnancy. The effect of the rationing scheme and routine administration of iron. British Journal of Nutrition 1:126-138.

Bakst H, Kissin M, Leibowitz S, Rinzler S (1948). The effects of intravenous aminophylline on the capacity of effort without pain in patients with angina of effort. American Heart Journal 36:527-534.

Bell JA (1948). Use of an alum-precipitated mixture of pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid. JAMA 137:1009-1016.

Bell JA (1948). Use of two doses of an alum- precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. JAMA 137:1276-1281.

Elovainio E, Östling G (1948). Observations on preoperative treatment with strophanthin. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae Fenniae 37:23-35.

Farber S, Diamond LK, Mercer RD, Sylvester RF, Wolff JA (1948). Temporary remissions in acute leukaemia in children produced by folic acide antagonist, 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid (aminopterin). New England Journal of Medicine 238:787-793.

Jersild T (1948). Penicillin therapy in scarlet fever and complicating otitis. Lancet 1:671-673.

Kottke FJ, Teigen BS, Siegel S, Knapp ME (1948). Evaluation of aids to muscle reeducation in the treatment of poliomyelitis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 30:141-147.

Löfström G (1948). Investigations on acute infections of the respiratory tract. IV. Experimental studies on the effect of small doses of sulphonamides in respiratory tract infections. Acta Medica Scandinavica 130:1-11.

Mainland D (1948). Statistical methods in medical research. Canadian Journal of Research E, 26:1-166.

Makinson DH, Oleesky S, Stone RV (1948). Vitamin E in angina pectoris. Lancet 1:102.

Malchow-Møller M (1948). Sulfathiazol og diazil (sulphamethazine). Ugeskrift for Læger 110:466-8.

Medical Research Council (1948). Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a Medical Research Council investigation. BMJ 2:769-782.

Medical Research Council (1948). Streptomycin treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Lancet 1:582-596.

Mellanby H, Andrewes CH, Dudgeon JA, Mackay DG (1948). Vaccination against influenza A. Lancet 1:978-982.

Merk R (1948). Die Stickstoffsenfgasbehandlung der Lymphogranulomatose [Nitrogen Mustard Treatment of Lymphogranulomatosis]. Medizinische Klinik 43:629-35.

Schneider J (1948). Nouveaux traitements du paludisme. Resultats d'une première serie d'essais cliniques. Thérapie 3:33-42.

Sølling P (1948). Lucamid – et nyt analgeticum. Ugeskrift for Læger 110:1473-5.

Thomas DV (1948). Benzedrine, coramine and picrotoxin: a comparison. Anaesthesia 3:122-123.

War Office (1948). Efficacy of therapeutic measures. In: Statistical Report on the Health of the Army, 1943-1945. London: HMSO, pp 273-294.

Wright IS, Marple CD, Beck DF (1948). Report of the Committee for the Evaluation of Anticoagulants in the Treatment of Coronary Thrombosis with Myocardial Infarction. American Heart Journal 36:801-815.

Bignall JR, Crofton J (1949). Antihistamine drugs in the treatment of nausea and vomiting due to streptomycin. BMJ 1:13-14.

Carliner PE, Radman HM, Gay LN (1949). Treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with Dramamine – preliminary report. Science 110:215-216.

Ferguson RG, Simes AB (1949). BCG vaccination of Indian infants in Saskatchewan. Tubercle 30:5-11.

Harrison SH, Topley E, Lennard-Jones J (1949). The value of systemic penicillin in finger pulp infections: a controlled trial of 169 cases. Lancet 1:425-430.

Kaufman P (1949). Pneumonia in old age: active immunization against pneumonia with pneumococcus polysaccharide results of a six your study.  Archives of Internal Medicine 79:518-531.

Nitsch K (1949). Ulcusleiden und vegetatives Nervensystem. Medizinische Klinik 44:503-5

Travell J, Rinzler SH, Bakst H, Benjamin ZH, Bobb AL (1949). Comparison of effects of alpha-tocopherol and matching placebo on chest pain in patients with heart disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 52:345-53.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

1950's

Birk G, Böhm A (1950). Leberextrakt als Roborans? Die Medizinische Welt 1:51-52.

Daniels M (1950). Scientific appraisement of new drugs in tuberculosis. American Review of Tuberculosis 61:751-756.

Downes J (1950). An experiment in the control of tuberculosis among negroes. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 28:180-220.

Editorial (1950). Are statistics necessary? JAMA 143:1260-1261.

Jacobs A, Borthwick WM (1950). Streptomycin in urinary tuberculosis.  Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 43:453-466.

Greiner T, Gold H, Cattel M, Travell J, Bakst H, Rinzler SH, Benjamin ZH, Warshaw LJ, Bobb AL, Kwit NT, Modell W, Rothendler HH, Messeloff CR, Kramer ML (1950). A method for the evaluation of the effects of drugs on cardiac pain in patients with angina of effort. Am J Med 9:143-155.

Long ER, Ferebee SH (1950). A controlled investigation of streptomycin treatment in tuberculosis. Public Health Reports 65:1421-1451.

Medical Research Council (1950). Clinical trials of antihistaminic drugs in the prevention and treatment of the common cold. BMJ 2:425-431.

Reid DD (1950). Statistics in clinical research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 52:931-934.

Swedish National Association against Tuberculosis. Therapeutic Trials Committee (1950). Para-aminosalicylic acid treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis. American Review of Tuberculosis 61:597-612.

Thorley AS, Craske N (1950).  Comparison and estimate of group and individual methods of treatment. BMJ 1:97-100.

Cartwright EW (1951). Dramamine in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Western Journal of Surgery 59:216-234.

Daniels M (1951). Clinical evaluation of chemotherapy in tuberculosis. British Medical Bulletin 7:320-326.

Glaser EM, Hervey GR (1951). The prevention of seasickness with hyoscine, Benadryl and Phenergan. Lancet 2:749-753.

Hill AB (1951). The clinical trial. British Medical Bulletin 7:278-282.

Medical Research Council (1951). The prevention of whooping-cough by vaccination. BMJ 1:1463-1471.

Neuwirth I, Chilton NW (1951). The clinical effectiveness of different concentrations of procaine for mandibular extractions. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 4:383-387.

Doll R, Pygott F (1952). Factors influencing the rate of healing of gastric ulcers: admission to hospital, phenobarbitone, and ascorbic acid. Lancet 1:171-175.

Fisher OD, Whitfield CR (1952). Terramycin in the treatment of pneumonia in children. BMJ 2:864-865.

Hill AB (1952). The clinical trial. New England Journal of Medicine 247:113-119.

Hogben L, Sim M (1953). The self-controlled and self-recorded clinical trial for low grade morbidity. Brit J Prev Soc Med 7,163-179.

Livingston KE (1953). Cingulate cortex isolation for the treatment of psychoses and psychoneuroses. Res Publ Assoc Nerv Ment Dis 31:374-8. Cingulate cortex isolation for the treatment of psychoses and psychoneuroses. Res Publ Assoc Nerv Ment Dis 31:374-8.

Conference on Therapy [Gold H] (1954).  How to evaluate a new drug. American Journal of Medicine 11:722-727.

Chalmers TC, Eckhardt RD, Reynolds WE, Cigarroa JG, Deane N, Reifenstein RW, Smith CW, Davidson CS (1955). The treatment of acute infectious hepatitis. Controlled studies of the effects of diet, rest, and physical reconditioning on the acute course of the disease and on the incidence of relapses and residual abnormalities. Journal of Clinical Investigation 34:1163-1235.

Hare EH (1955). Comparative efficacy of hypnotics: a self-controlled, self-recorded clinical trial in neurotic patients. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 9:140-146.

Lasagna L (1955). The controlled clinical trial: theory and practice. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1:353-367.

Straus B, Eisenberg J, Gennis J (1955). Hypnotic effects of an anti-histamine – methapyrilene hydrochloride. Annals of Internal Medicine 42:574-582.

Kerr DNS, Davidson S (1958). Gastrointestinal intolerance to oral iron preparations. Lancet 2:489-492.

Greenhouse SW (1959). Discussion following Kramer M, Greenhouse SW. Determination of sample size and selection of cases. In: Cole JO, Gerard RW (eds). Psychopharmacology. Problems in Evaluation. National Academy of Sciences, Publication 583, Washington DC, p 371.

Kety S (1959). In: Cole JO, Gerard RW (eds). Psychopharmacology. Problems in Evaluation.  National Academy of Sciences, Publication 583, Washington DC, pp 651-2.

Leitch I (1959). The place of analytical and critical reviews in any growing biological science and the service they may render to research. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, 2 Vols. Washington DC: National Academies Press, pp 571-588.

Sterling TD (1959). Publication decisions and their possible effects on inferences drawn from tests of significance – or vice versa. Journal of the American Statistical Association 54:30-34.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

1960's

McBride WG (1961). Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 2:1358.

Smart RG (1964). The importance of negative results in psychological research. Canadian Psychologist 5:225-32.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

1970's

Schwartz D, Flamant R, Lellouch J (1970). L’essai thérapeutique chez l‘homme. Paris: Flammarion.

BMJ (1974). Aspirin: an unanticipated beneficial effect BMJ 1:436-440,440-443.

Stjernswärd J (1974). Decreased survival related to irradiation postoperatively in early breast cancer. Lancet 304:1285-1286.

Bunker JP, Barnes BA, Mosteller F (1977). Costs, risks and benefits of surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Colombo F, Shapiro S, Slone D, Tognoni G (1977). Epidemiological evaluation of drugs. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.

Jick H (1977). The discovery of drug-induced illness. New England Journal of Medicine 296:481-485.

Jick H, Vessey M (1978). Case-control studies in the evaluation of drug-induced illness. Am J Epidemiol 107:1-7.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

1980's

Coronary Drug Project Research Group (1980). Influence of adherence to treatment and response of cholesterol on mortality in the coronary drug project. N Engl J Med 303:10.

Glass GV, McGaw B, Smith ML (1981). Meta-analysis in social research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

Hunter JE, Schmidt FL, Jackson GB (1982). Meta-analysis: cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills , Ca: Sage Publications.

Venning GR (1982). Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse drug reactions: the problem of false alarms. BMJ 284:249-254.

Light RJ, Pillemer DB (1984). Summing up. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hedges LV, Olkin I (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando: Academic Press.

Jenicek M (1987). Méta-analyse en médecine. Évaluation et synthèse de l’information clinique et épidémiologique. St.Hyacinthe and Paris: EDISEM and Maloine Éditeurs.

Mulrow CD (1987). The medical review article: state of the science. Ann Int Med 10:485-88.

Vandenbroucke JP (1988). Passive smoking and lung cancer: a publication bias? BMJ 296:391-2.

Oxman AD, Guyatt GH (1988). Guidelines for reading literature reviews.  Can Med Assoc J 138:697-703.

Jenicek M (1989). Meta-analysis in medicine: where we are and where we want to go. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42:35-44.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

1990's

Gray R, Wheatley K (1991). How to avoid bias when comparing bone marrow transplantation with chemotherapy. Proceedings of the International Course on Bone Marrow Transplantation in Children, 28 Nov-1 Dec 1990, Erice, Italy. Bone Marrow Transplantation 7, Suppl 3:9-12.

Antman EM, Lau J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC (1992). A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. JAMA 268:240-48.

Pettiti DB (1994). Meta-analysis, decision analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis: Methods for quantitative synthesis in medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.

Chalmers I, Altman DG (1995). Systematic Reviews. London: BMJ Publications.

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century

21st Century

Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, Kuderer NM, Lyman GH (2000). The uncertainty principle and industry-sponsored research. Lancet 356:635-638.

Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG (2001). Systematic reviews in health care. London: BMJ Books.

Perel P, Roberts I, Sena E, Wheble P, Briscoe C, Sandercock S, Macleod M,  Mignini LE, Jayaram P, Khan KS (2007). Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review. BMJ  2007;334:197 (27 January), doi:10.1136/bmj.39048.407928.BE (published 15 December 2006)

Pre-18th Century | 18th Century | 19th Century | 20th Century: 1900 - 1949 | 20th Century: 1950 - 1999 | 21st Century