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jameslindlibrary.org
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Records
| 1716 |
Born in Edinburgh, son of a merchant; attended grammar school in Edinburgh, and learned Latin and Greek |
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| 1731 |
Apprenticed to George Langlands, a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh |
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| 1739 |
Entered navy as a Surgeon's Mate, serving in the Mediterranean, West Africa and the West Indies |
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| 1746 |
Appointed Surgeon to HM 4th rate Ship Salisbury, in the Channel Fleet |
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| 1747 |
Conducted controlled trial of six treatments for scurvy, account of Lind’s voyage |
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| 1748 |
Retired from the Navy; graduated MD and became licensed to practise in Edinburgh |
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| 1750 |
Elected Fellow, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |
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| 1753 |
Published 'A treatise of the scurvy' |
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1754 |
Letter to Scots Magazine on lead glazes |
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| 1757 |
Elected Treasurer, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |
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| 1758 |
Appointed Chief Physician, Royal Hospital Haslar |
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| 1761 |
Discovered that steam of salt water was fresh |
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| 1762 |
Proposed a simple method of supplying
ships with fresh water by distillation |
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| 1763 |
Published 'Two papers on fevers and infection' |
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| 1771 |
Published 'An essay on diseases incidental to Europeans in hot climates' |
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| 1783 |
Succeeded by his son John as Chief Physician at Haslar |
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| 1794 |
Died at Gosport, and buried in Portchester Church |
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A bibliography of commentaries, etc., on James Lind, from 1786 onwards.
[Compiled by Iain Chalmers, Iain Milne, Jane Wickenden, David Thomas and David
Harvie]
Trotter, Thomas (1760-1832). Observations on the scurvy; with a review of the opinions lately advanced on that disease, and a new theory defended, on the approved method of cure, and the induction of pneumatic chemistry: being an attempt to investigate that principle in recent vegetable matter, which alone, has been found effectual in the treatment of this singular disease; and from thence to deduce more certain means of prevention than have been adopted hitherto. Edinburgh: Charles Elliot, 1786.
Rolleston HD. James Lind, pioneer of medical hygiene. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service 1915;1:181-190.
Henderson Smith A. The relative content of antiscorbutic principle in limes and lemons. B. Historical inquiry. Lancet 1918;2:735-738.
Stockman R. James Lind and scurvy. Edinburgh Medical Journal 1926;33:329-350.
[reprinted in the Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service 1927;13:81-98].
Maguire JG. Advances in the treatment of venereal diseases during the war 1939-1945. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service 1949;35:1-20.
Glass J. James Lind, MD. Eighteenth century naval medical hygienist. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service 1949;35:1-20 (part 1) and 68-86 (part 2).
Roddis LH. James Lind, founder of nautical medicine. New York: Schumann, 1950.
Stewart CP, Guthrie D (eds). Lind's treatise on scurvy. A bicentenary volume. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1953.
Dudley S. James Lind: Laudatory address. Lind Bicentenary Symposium 1953;12:202-209.
Chick H. Early investigations of scurvy and the antiscorbutic vitamin. Lind Bicentenary Symposium 1953;12:210-219.
Ingleby-Mackenzie A. James Lind. Lind Bicentenary Symposium 1953;12:233-237.
Krebs HA. The Sheffield experiment on the vitamin C requirement of human adults. Lind Bicentenary Symposium 1953;12:237-246.
Sydenstricker VP. The impact of vitamin research on medical practice. Lind Bicentenary Symposium 1953;12:256-269.
Lorenz AJ. Some pre-Lind writers on scurvy. Lind Bicentenary Symposium 1953;12:306-324.
Anonymous. James Lind: bicentenary of the publication of the first edition of his treatise on scurvy. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service 1953;39:195-203.
Waife SO. 1753: Lind, lemons and limeys. Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1953;1:471-473.
Meiklejohn AP. The curious obscurity of Dr James Lind. Journal of the History of Medicine 1954;9:304-310.
Anonymous. 22nd Meeting. Proceedings of the Scottish Society for the History of Medicine 1954-1955:7.
Hudson AEA, Herbert A. James Lind: His contributions to shipboard sanitation. Journal of the History of Medicine 1956;11:1-12.
Lloyd C, Coulter JLS. Medicine and the Navy, III. Edinburgh, 1957.
Lloyd C. The introduction of lemon juice as a cure for scurvy. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1961;35:123-132.
Lloyd C. The conquest of scurvy. British Journal of the History of Science 1963;Vol:357-363.
Lloyd C, Harvie D. The health of seamen; selections from the works of Dr. James Lind, Sir Gilbert Blane, and Dr. Thomas Trotter. London: Navy Records Society, Vol. CVII, 1965.
Dabrowski S. [James Lind and his work with scurvy]. Czas Stomatol 1965;18:1259-260.
Anonymous. James Lind (1716-1794). Physician to the Fleet. JAMA 1966;195:309-310.
Thomas DP. Experiment versus authority: James Lind and Benjamin Rush. New England Journal of Medicine 1969;281:932-934.
Bullough VL. James Lind. Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 8, 1973:361-366.
Warshaw LJ. Letter to the editor: A corner of history. James Lind. Preventive Medicine 1974;3:573.
Wynder EL. A corner of history. James Lind's discovery of the causes of scurvy. Preventive Medicine 1974;3:300-305.
Hughes RE. James Lind and the cure of scurvy: an experimental approach. Medical History 1975;19:342-351.
Fawns HT. Discovery of vitamin C: James Lind and the scurvy. Nursing Times 1975;71:872-875.
Le Riche WH. Epidemiology in food safety evaluation - past and present (James Lind, George Baker). Clinical Toxicology 1976;9:665-690.
Jones E, Hughes RE. Copper boilers and the occurrence of scurvy: an experimental approach. Medical History 1976;20:80-81.
Wyatt HV. James Lind and the prevention of scurvy. Medical History 1976;20:433-439.
Tröhler U. Towards clinical research on a numerical basis: James Lind at Haslar Hospital 1758-1783. Proc XXVII Int Congr Hist Med Barcelona 1980. Barcelona: Academia de Ciènces Mediques de Catalunya I Balears 1981;1:414-419.
Baron JH. James Lind would not have approved. Lancet 1982;1:1313.
Godlee F. Scurvy: the curious delay in the acceptance of lemon juice before and after Lind. Unpublished dissertation. 8 April 1983.
Anonymous. Nutrition classics. A treatise of the scurvy by James Lind, MDCCLIII. Nutrition Reviews 1983;41:155-157.
Winge M. James Lind: grundlaeggeren af den maritime medicin. Dansk medicinhistorisk årbog 1983:9-20.
Watt J. The medical problems of the voyages of two northern circumnavigators - Lord Anson and Captain James Cook. In: Newcastle School of Medicine, 1834-1984: sesquicentennial celebrations. Newcastle upon Tyne: Faculty of Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1985.
Carpenter KJ. The history of scurvy and vitamin C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Carpenter KJ. James Lind's revised views of scurvy. Dusseldorf: IX Congrès Franco-Allemand sur l'histoire de la médicine de navigation et de marine, 1986. Actes 1988:108-110.
Barrett FA. 'Scurvy' Lind's medical geography. Social Science and Medicine 1991;33:347-353.
McBride WM. "Normal" medical science and British treatment of the sea scurvy, 1753-75. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 1991;46:158-177.
Lawrence W. Some problems with clinical trials: James Ewing Lecture. Archives of Surgery 1991;126:370-378.
Yellowlees WW. Tribute to Cleave - forgotten prophet. Nutrition and Health 1991;7:163-168.
Anonymous. James Lind (1716-1794). Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1994;38:151-152.
Cuppage FE. James Cook and the conquest of scurvy. London: Greenwood Press, 1994.
Mellinkoff SM. James Lind's legacy to clinical medicine. Western Journal of Medicine 1995;162:367-369.
Thomas DP. Sailors, scurvy and science. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1997;90:50-54.
Comments from:
Bardolph EM, Taylor RH. Sailors, scurvy, science and authority. JRSM
1997;90:238.
Amory DW. Lind, Scott, Amundsen and scurvy. JRSM 1997;90:299.
Baron JH. Scurvy, Lancaster, Lind, Scott and Almroth Wright. JRSM 1997;90:415.
Baxby D. Lind's clinical trial and the control of scurvy. JRSM 1997;90:526-527
Dunn PM. James Lind (1716-94) of Edinburgh and the treatment of scurvy. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 1997;76:F64-65
Comment from:
Puntis J. The battle with scurvy. Archives of Diseases in Childhood
1997;77:F157b.
Watt J. The medical bequest of disaster at sea: Commodore Anson's circumnavigation 1740-44. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 1998;32:572-579.
Doig GS. Interpreting and using clinical trials. Critical Care Clinics 1998;14:513-524.
Thomas DP, Bardolph EM. Prevention of scurvy in the Royal Navy. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service 1998;84.2:107-109.
Harrison M. From medical astrology to medical astronomy: sol-lunar and planetary theories of disease in British medicine, c. 1700-1850. British Journal of the History of Science 2000;33:25-48.
Watts G. Twelve scurvy men. New Scientist 2001, 24 Feb:46-47.
Milne I, Chalmers I. Tackling bias in assessing the effects of health care interventions: early contributions from James Lind, Alexander Lesassier Hamilton and T. Graham Balfour. Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 2001;31 Suppl 9:46-48.
Rajakumar K. Infantile scurvy: a historical perspective. Pediatrics 2001;108:E76.
Hampton JR. Evidence-based medicine, opinion-based medicine, and real-world medicine. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 2002;45:549-568.
Blair J. A military scourge cured: James Lind. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 2002;148:88.
Bartholomew M. James Lind's Treatise of the Scurvy (1753). Postgraduate Medical Journal 2002;78:695-696.
Bartholomew M. James Lind and Scurvy: a revaluation. Journal for Maritime Research, January (available at www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk), 2002.
Stuttaford T. Vitamin C, the saviour of scurvy-ridden seafarers, is still essential. The Times, 31 October 2002.
Harvie DI. Limeys: the true story of one man's war against ignorance, the Establishment and the deadly Scurvy. Stroud, Glos: Sutton, 2002.
Harvie DI. The answer was a lemon. History of Scotland 2003;3:22-28.
Tröhler U. Lind and scurvy: 1747 to 1795. In: The James Lind Library (www.jameslindlibrary.org), 2003.
Tröhler U. James Lind and the evaluation of clinical practice. In: The James Lind Library (www.jameslindlibrary.org), 2003.
Tröhler U. James Lind at Haslar Hospital 1758-1774: a methodological theorist. In: The James Lind Library (www.jameslindlibrary.org), 2003.
Bown S. Scurvy: how a surgeon, a mariner, and a gentleman solved the greatest medical mystery of the age of sail. Toronto: Thomas Allen, 2003.
Sutton G. Putrid gums and 'Dead Men's Cloathes': James Lind aboard the Salisbury. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2003;96:605-608.
Beasley AW. Putrid gums and 'Dead Men's Cloathes'. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2004;97:256-257.
Milne I, Chalmers I. Documenting the evidence: the case of scurvy. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 2004;82:791-792.
Martini E. Treatment for scurvy not discovered by Lind. Lancet 2004;364:2180.
Bown SR. Scurvy. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2004.