Articles

• Adams CE (2004). William Halse Rivers (1864-1922).
• Adams CE (2009). James Crichton Browne and controlled evaluation of drug treatment for mental illness.
• Agnew RAL (2008). John Forbes FRS (1787-1861).
• Armitage P (2002). Randomisation and alternation: a note on Diehl et al.
• Armitage P (2009). A note on the statistical analysis of the 1948 MRC streptomycin trial.
• Bastian H (2004). Down and almost out in Scotland: George Orwell, tuberculosis and getting streptomycin in 1948.
• Bastian H (2007). Lucy Wills (1888-1964), the life and research of an adventurous independent woman.
• Birbeck E (2011). The Royal Hospital Haslar: from Lind to the 21st century.
• Booth CC (2002). John Haygarth FRS (1740-1827).
• Boren SA (2006). Max Pinner (1891-1948).
• Boren SA, Diaz M, Neuhauser D (2006). James Burns Amberson (1890-1979).
• Boylston AW (2008). Did clinical science begin in 1767?
• Boylston AW (2008). Zabdiel Boylston (1679/80-1766).
• Boylston AW (2010). Thomas Nettleton and the dawn of quantitative assessments of the effects of medical interventions.
• Boylston AW (2011). Daniel Sutton, a forgotten 18th century clinician scientist.
• Boylston AW (2012). John Haygarth’s 18th century ‘Rules of Prevention’ for eradicating smallpox.
• Boylston AW (2012). The origins of inoculation.
• Boylston AW (2012). The origins of vaccination: no inoculation, no vaccination.
• Boylston AW, Williams AE (2008). Zabdiel Boylston’s evaluation of inoculation against smallpox.
• Bracken MB (2008). Why animal studies are often poor predictors of human reactions to exposure.
• Bryder L (2010). The Medical Research Council and clinical trial methodologies before the 1940s: the failure to develop a ‘scientific’ approach.
• Burch D (2009). Astley Paston Cooper (1768–1841): anatomist, radical, and surgeon.
• Campbell MJ (2012). Doing clinical trials large enough to achieve adequate reductions in uncertainties about treatment effects.
• Chalmers I (2010). Joseph Asbury Bell (1904-1968).
• Chalmers I (2010). Joseph Asbury Bell and the birth of randomized trials.
• Chalmers I (2002). MRC Therapeutic Trials Committee's report on serum treatment of lobar pneumonia, BMJ 1934.
• Chalmers I (2006). Archie Cochrane (1909-1988).
• Chalmers I (2010). Why the 1948 MRC trial of streptomycin used treatment allocation based on random numbers.
• Chalmers I, Clarke M (2002). J Guy Scadding and the move from alternation to randomization.
• Chalmers I, Dukan E, Podolsky SH, Davey Smith G (2011). The advent of fair treatment allocation schedules in clinical trials during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Chalmers I, Toth B (2009). 19th century controlled trials to test whether belladonna prevents scarlet fever.
• Chalmers J (2005). Sir George Chalmers, (c 1720-1791), portraitist of James Lind.
• Clarke M (2004). The 1944 patulin trial of the British Medical Research Council: an example of how concerted common purpose can get reliable answers to important questions very quickly.
• Cochrane AL, Blythe M (2004). Sickness in Salonica.
• Cockerill A, Goble PJ (2012). Thomas Graham Balfour, pioneering medical statistician and stern disciplinarian.
• Cook H (2010). Testing the effects of Jesuit’s bark in the Chinese Emperor’s court.
• Cox DR (2009). Randomization for concealment.
• Craft A (2006). James Stansfeld (1917-1998).
• Crofton J (2004). The MRC randomized trial of streptomycin and its legacy: a view from the clinical front line.
• Crofton J (2005). Marc Daniels (1907-1953).
• Crofton J (2006). John Crofton (1912-2009).
• Crofton J (2007). Reginald Bignall (1913-2000).
• Davey Smith G (2006). Capitalising on Mendelian randomization to assess the effects of treatments.
• Dean ME (2003). 'An innocent deception': placebo controls in the St Petersburg homeopathy trial, 1829-30.
• Dean ME (2003). The homeopathic mustard gas trials of 1941–42.
• Dean ME (2009). Comparative evaluation of homeopathy and allopathy within the Parisian hospital system, 1849-51.
• Diaz M, Neuhauser D (2004). Lessons from using randomization to assess gold treatment for tuberculosis.
• Dickersin K, Chalmers I (2010). Recognising, investigating and dealing with incomplete and biased reporting of clinical research: from Francis Bacon to the World Health Organisation.
• Doll R (2003). Controlled trials testing two or more treatments simultaneously.
• Donaldson IML (2004). Ambroise Paré’s account in the Oeuvres of 1575 of new methods of treating gunshot wounds and burns.
• Donaldson IML (2005). Mesmer’s 1780 proposal for a controlled trial to test his method of treatment using ‘Animal Magnetism’.
• Donaldson IML (2008). Francis Bacon's comments on the power of negative observations in his Novum Organum.
• Donaldson IML (2008). Lavoisier's comments on the art of drawing conclusions from experiments.
• Doyle D (2011). Thomas John MacLagan (1838-1903).
• Doyle D (2011). Thomas MacLagan’s 1876 demonstration of the dramatic effects of salicin in rheumatic fever.
• Edwards M (2010). Dora Colebrook and the evaluation of light therapy.
• Elwood P (2004). The first randomized trial of aspirin for heart attack and the advent of systematic overviews of trials.
• Erill S (2008). Louis Lasagna (1923-2003).
• Farewell V, Johnson A (2010). Hilda Woods (1892-1971).
• Farewell V, Johnson A (2010). The first British textbook of medical statistics.
• Farewell V, Johnson A (2010). William Thomas Russell (1888-1953).
• Farewell V, Johnson A (2011). The origins of Austin Bradford Hill’s classic textbook of medical statistics.
• Ferroni E, Jefferson T, Gachelin G (2011). Angelo Celli and research on the prevention of malaria in Italy a century ago.
• Fox DM (2011). Systematic reviews and health policy: the influence of a project on perinatal care since 1988.
• Furberg CD (2009). How should one analyse and interpret clinical trials in which patients don’t take the treatments assigned to them?
• Gøtzsche PC (2004). Niels Finsen’s treatment for lupus vulgaris.
• Gartlehner G, Stepper K (2011). Julius Wagner-Jauregg: pyrotherapy, Simultanmethode, and ‘racial hygiene’.
• Gluud C (2008). Povl Heiberg (1868-1963).
• Gluud C (2010). Danish contributions to the evaluation of serum therapy for diphtheria in the 1890s.
• Gluud C, Hilden J (2008). Povl Heiberg’s 1897 methodological study on the statistical method as an aid in therapeutic trials.
• Gong Y, Gluud C (2003). Commentary on the Ben Cao Tu Jing (11th century). Atlas of Materia Medica. Song Dynasty (960-1279).
• Grimes DA (2007). Discovering the need for randomized controlled trials in obstetrics: a personal odyssey.
• Guyatt GH, Oxman AD (2009). Medicine’s methodological debt to the social sciences.
• Hampton J (2004). An early parallel group trial in cardiology.
• Hemminki E (2005). Commentary on an early placebo controlled trial in Finland.
• Hemminki E (2010). Martti Simeon Kalke (1898-1976).
• Houston C (2004). Ferguson's BCG research - Canada's first randomized clinical trial?
• Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC, Gluud C (1988). The controlled clinical trial turns 100 years: Fibiger's trial of serum treatment of diphtheria.
• Huth EJ (2005). Quantitative evidence for judgments on the efficacy of inoculation for the prevention of smallpox: England and New England in the 1700s.
• Huth EJ (2006). Benjamin Franklin’s (1706-1790) place in the history of medicine.
• Huth EJ (2006). Elisha Bartlett (1804–1855), an American disciple of Jules Gavarret.
• Huth EJ (2006). Jules Gavarret’s Principes Généraux de Statistique Médicale: a pioneering text on the statistical analysis of the results of treatments.
• Huth EJ (2006). Transatlantic ideas on the philosophy of therapeutics in the middle of the 19th century.
• Huth EJ (2008). The move toward setting scientific standards for the content of medical review articles.
• Hytten F (2009). Isabella Leitch’s contributions to the development of systematic reviews of research evidence.
• Jefferson T (2006). Why the MRC randomized trials of whooping cough (pertussis) vaccines remain important more than half a century after they were done.
• Jenicek M (2006). Méta-analyse en médecine: the first book on systematic reviews in medicine.
• Jick H (2008). Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs: a brief personal history.
• JLL Bulletin Editors (2010). Commentary on Rapport général sur les prix décernés en 1862. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale de Médecine XXVI, Paris: Ballière, p xxii-xxxv.
• Joosse NP, Pormann PE (2008). Archery, mathematics, and conceptualising inaccuracies in medicine in 13th century Iraq and Syria.
• Kaptchuk T (2004). Early use of blind assessment in a homeopathic scientific experiment.
• Kaptchuk TJ (2011). A brief history of the evolution of methods to control of observer biases in tests of treatments.
• Kerr CE, Milne I, Kaptchuk TJ (2007). William Cullen and a missing mind-body link in the early history of placebos.
• Klar N, Donner A (2002). The impact of EF Lindquist's text "Statistical Analysis in Educational Research" on cluster randomization.
• Klingberg MA (2010). An epidemiologist's journey from typhus to thalidomide, and from the Soviet Union to Seveso.
• La Rochelle P, Julien A-S (2013). How dramatic were the effects of handwashing on maternal mortality observed by Ignasz Semmelweis?
• Löwy I (2010). Martin Arrowsmith's clinical trial: scientific precision and heroic medicine.
• Lee MR (2004). The miracle of St. Alfege’s: seventy years on.
• Lee MR (2005). William Withering (1741-1799): a biographical sketch of a Birmingham Lunatic.
• Loudon I (2002). An early Medical Research Council controlled trial of vitamins for preventing infection.
• Loudon I (2002). Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis' studies of death in childbirth.
• Loudon I (2002). The use of historical controls and concurrent controls to assess the effects of sulphonamides, 1936-1945.
• Louis-Courvoisier M (2007). An 18th century controlled trial prompted by a potential shortage of hospital beds.
• Maehle A-H (2011). Four early clinical studies to assess the effects of Peruvian bark.
• Mann H, Djulbegovic B (2012). Comparator bias: why comparisons must address genuine uncertainties.
• Marks HM (2006). The Kendrick-Eldering-(Frost) pertussis vaccine field trial.
• Marks HM (2007). James Angus Doull and the well-controlled common cold.
• Marušić A, Fatović-Ferenčić S (2012). Adoption of the double dummy trial design to reduce observer bias in testing treatments
• McPherson K, Bunker JP (2006). Costs, risks and benefits of surgery: a milestone in the development of health services research.
• Middleton J (2008). Pellagra and the blues song ‘Cornbread, meat and black molasses’.
• Milne I (2012). Who was James Lind, and what exactly did he achieve?
• Milne I, Chalmers I (2002). Hamilton's report of a controlled trial of bloodletting, 1816.
• Moore W (2009). John Hunter (1728-93).
• Moore W (2009). John Hunter: learning from natural experiments, ‘placebos’, and the state of mind of a patient in the 18th century.
• Morabia A (2004). Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis (1787-1872).
• Morabia A (2004). Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis and the evaluation of bloodletting.
• Morabia A (2006). Joseph Goldberger’s research on the prevention of pellagra.
• Morabia A (2007). Claude Bernard, statistics, and comparative trials.
• Morabia A (2010). Edward Jenner’s 1798 report of challenge experiments demonstrating the protective effects of cowpox against smallpox.
• Nasser M, Tibi A (2006). Ibn Hindu and the science of medicine.
• Nasser M, Tibi A, Savage-Smith E (2007). Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine: 11th century rules for assessing the effects of drugs.
• Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2006). Jesse GM Bullowa (1879-1943).
• Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2007). Russell LaFayette Cecil (1881-1965).
• Neuhauser D, Diaz M (2007). Use of rotation to allocate patients to homeopathic or regular medical services in Cook County Hospital, Chicago, 1882.
• Neuhauser D, Diaz M, Chalmers I (2007). A puzzling omission in a great medical textbook edited by a pioneer of controlled trials.
• Nunn JF (2008). A treatment that has stood the test of time for over three and a half millennia.
• O’Rourke K (2006). A historical perspective on meta-analysis: dealing quantitatively with varying study results.
• Olsen SF (2002). The People's League of Health trial.
• Opinel A, Gachelin G (2010). French 19th century contributions to the development of treatments for diphtheria.
• Passmore R (2001). William Cullen (1710-1790).
• Pazzini A (1958). Angelo Celli (1857-1914).
• Peters L (2006). James Lind’s descendants.
• Peters L, Hepner J (2009). George Chalmers’ portrait of James Lind, 1783-2008: a reconstruction.
• Petrosino A (2004). Charles Frederick [Fred] Mosteller (1916-2006).
• Podolsky SH (2008). Jesse Bullowa, specific treatment for pneumonia, and the development of the controlled clinical trial.
• Podolsky SH, Davey Smith G (2011). Park’s story and Winters’ tale: alternate allocation clinical trials in turn of the Century America.
• Pollock JI (2003). A controlled trial using a factorial design reported in 1946.
• Pollock JI (2003). Biographical information on Clifford Wilson (1906-1997) and Martin Pollock (1914-1999).
• Pollock JI (2003). Clifford Wilson (1906-1997) and Martin Pollock (1914-1999).
• Pollock JI (2005). Two controlled trials of supplementary feeding of British school children in the 1920s.
• Pormann PE (2013). Qualifying and quantifying medical uncertainty in 10th century Baghdad: Abu Bakr al-Razi
• Reid CM (2008). Donald Darnley Reid (1914-1977).
• Rennie D, Chalmers I (2009). Exposing the dangers to patients of medical reviews and textbooks that ignore scientific principles.
• Rodeck CH (2004). Geoffrey William Theobald (1896–1977).
• Rolls R (2003). Caleb Hillier Parry (1755-1822).
• Sackett DL (2008). A 1955 clinical trial report that changed my career.
• Scadding JG (2002). Reflections on my studies of the effects of sulphonamide drugs in bacillary dysentery in Egypt, 1943-1944.
• Senn SJ (2003). Cushny and Peebles and optical isomers, 1905.
• Shannon H (2008). A statistical note on Karl Pearson’s 1904 meta-analysis.
• Sidebottom E (2012). Roger Bacon and the beginnings of experimental science in Britain.
• Silverman WA (2003). Personal reflections on lessons learned from randomized trials involving newborn infants, 1951 to 1967.
• Silverman WA, Chalmers I (2002). Casting and drawing lots: a time-honoured way of dealing with uncertainty and for ensuring fairness.
• Sinclair L (2007). Recognising, treating and understanding pernicious anaemia.
• Slater SD (2010). The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy.
• Solis C (2011). Bartolomé Hidalgo de Agüero’s 16th century, evidence-based challenge to the orthodox management of wounds.
• Spain P, Kadan-Lottick N (2010). Observations of unprecedented remissions following novel treatment for acute leukemia in children in 1948.
• Spanager L (2005). Jansen’s 1910 use of a single blind experiment to assess the effects of radioactive water on rheumatic diseases.
• Spanager L (2010). Hans Ditlev Jansen (1875–1933).
• Stjernswärd J (2009). Meta-analysis as a manifestation of 'bondförnuft' (‘peasant sense’).
• Stolberg M (2006). Inventing the randomized double-blind trial: The Nürnberg salt test of 1835.
• Stoll S (2004). Paul Martini's Methodology of therapeutic investigation.
• Stoll S (2010). Paul Franz Xavier Martini (1889-1964).
• Stylianou C, Kelnar C (2008). The introduction of successful treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin.
• Sugiyama Y, Seita A (2013). Kanehiro Takaki and the control of beriberi in the Japanese Navy.
• Sutton G (2004). James Lind aboard Salisbury.
• Tansey EM (2006). Philip Montagu D’Arcy Hart (1900-2006).
• Thacker SB (2009). How I came to write papers for clinicians in the late 1980s about improving the quality of reviews.
• Tibi S (2005). Al-Razi and Islamic medicine in the 9th Century.
• Tröhler U (2003). Adolf Bingel (1879-1953).
• Tröhler U (2003). Charles MacLean (c.1766-1824).
• Tröhler U (2003). Cheselden's 1740 presentation of data on age-specific mortality after lithotomy.
• Tröhler U (2003). Edward Alanson (1747-1823).
• Tröhler U (2003). Edward Alanson 1782: responsibility in surgical innovation.
• Tröhler U (2003). James Lind and scurvy: 1747 to 1795.
• Tröhler U (2003). James Lind and the evaluation of clinical practice.
• Tröhler U (2003). James Lind at Haslar Hospital 1758-1774: a methodological theorist.
• Tröhler U (2003). John Clark (1744-1805).
• Tröhler U (2003). John Clark 1780 & 1792: learning from properly kept records.
• Tröhler U (2003). MacLean 1818: comparing like with like and recognising ethical double standards in therapeutic experimentation.
• Tröhler U (2003). William Cheselden (1688-1752).
• Tröhler U (2003). Withering's 1785 appeal for caution when reporting on a new medicine.
• Tröhler U (2007). An early 18th century proposal for improving medicine by tabulating and analysing practice.
• Tröhler U (2010). Adolf Bingel’s blinded, controlled comparison of different anti-diphtheritic sera in 1918.
• Tröhler U (2010). Emil Theodor Kocher (1841-1917).
• Tröhler U (2010). Johann Friedrich de Quervain (1868-1940).
• Tröhler U (2010). The introduction of numerical methods to assess the effects of medical interventions during the 18th century: a brief history.
• Tröhler U (2010). Towards endocrinology: Theodor Kocher’s 1883 account of the unexpected effects of total ablation of the thyroid.
• Tsiompanou E, Marketos SG† (2012). Hippocrates: timeless still.
• Vandenbroucke JP (2003). Aspirin: an unanticipated beneficial effect.
• Vandenbroucke JP (2003). Thalidomide: an unanticipated adverse effect.
• Vandenbroucke JP (2003). The contribution of William Fletcher's 1907 report to finding a cause and cure for beriberi.
• Vandenbroucke JP (2012). Adolphe Vorderman's 1897 study on beriberi: an example of scrupulous efforts to avoid bias.
• Vessey MP (2006). Learning how to control biases in studies to identify adverse effects of drugs.
• Volmink J (2005). The willow as a Hottentot (Khoikhoi) remedy for rheumatic fever.
• Weingarten S (2003). Food in Daniel 1:1-16: the first controlled experiment?
• Wessely S (2009). Surgery for the treatment of psychiatric illness: the need to test untested theories.
• Wickenden JVS (2011). The strange disappearances of James Lind.
• Williams KJ (2009). The introduction of ‘chemotherapy’ using arsphenamine - the first magic bullet.