Context

Control of observer bias

• Commission Royale. Bailly A (1784) Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi, de l'examen du magnétisme animale. Imprimé par ordre du Roi.
• Haygarth J (1800) Of the imagination, as a cause and as a cure of disorders of the body: exemplified by fictitious tractors, and epidemical convulsions.
• Löhner G, on behalf of a Society of truth-loving men (1835) Die Homoöopathischen Kochsalzversuche zu Nürnberg [The homeopathic salt trials in Nuremberg].
• Storke EF, Martin R, Rosenkrans EM, Ford J, Schloemilch A, McDermott GC, Carlson OW (1880) Final report of the Milwaukee test of the thirtieth dilution.
• Behring EA, Boer, Kossel H (1893) Zur Behandlung diphtheriekranker Menschen mit Diphtherieheilserum.
• Pregl F (1896) Zwei weitere ergographische Versuchsreihen über die Wirkung orchistischen Extraktes.
• Vorderman AG (1897) Onderzoek naar het verband tusschen den aard der rijstvoeding in de gevangenissen op Java en Madoera en het voorkomen van beri-beri onder de geïnterneerden.
• Rivers WHR (1908) The influence of alcohol and other drugs on fatigue.
• Jansen H (1910) Behandling med Radiumemanation særlig ved gigtiske Lidelser [Treatment with radium emanation especially with rheumatic diseases].
• Freeman J (1910) Vaccine therapy.
• Hollingworth HL (1911) The influence of caffeine on mental and motor efficiency.
• Hewlett AW (1913) Clinicial effects of “natural” and “synthetic” sodium salicylate.
• Plass ED (1916) Post partum care of perineum.
• Leake JP (1917) Bacterial vaccine therapy.
• Von Sholly AI, Blum J, Smith L (1917) The therapeutic value of pertussis vaccine in whooping cough.
• Sollmann T (1917) The crucial test of therapeutic evidence.
• Bingel A (1918) Über Behandlung der Diphtherie mit gewöhnlichem Pferdeserum.
• Freeman J (1929) Discussion on the action and use of ephedrine.
• Amberson JB, McMahon BT, Pinner M (1931) A clinical trial of sanocrysin in pulmonary tuberculosis.
• Martini P (1932) Methodenlehre der Therapeutischen Untersuchung.
• Evans W, Hoyle C (1933) The comparative value of drugs used in the continuous treatment of angina pectoris.
• Diehl HS (1933) Medicinal treatment of the common cold.
• Evans W, Hoyle C (1934) The prevention and treatment of individual attacks of angina pectoris (angina of effort).
• Hediger E, Gold H (1935) USP ether from large drums and ether from can labeled ‘For Anesthesia’.
• Corrigan JG, Strauss MB (1936) The prevention of hypochromic anaemia in pregnancy.
• Field JW, Niven JC, Hodgkin EP (1937) The prevention of malaria in the field by the use of quinine and atebrine.
• Gold H, Kwit NT, Otto H (1937) The xanthines (theobromine and aminophyllin) in the treatment of cardiac pain.
• Wilbur DL, MacLean AR, Allen EV (1937) Clinical observations on the effect of Benzedrine sulphate.
• Cookson H, Facey RV (1937) Value of a specific serum in the treatment of typhoid fever.
• Hesseltine HC (1937) Evaluation by controlled series of vaginal trichomoniasis therapies.
• Diehl HS, Baker AB, Cowan DW (1938) Cold vaccines: an evaluation based on a controlled study.
• Master AM, Jaffe HL, Dack S (1939) The drug treatment of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease.
• Evans W, Loughman O (1939) The drug treatment of hyperpiesia.
• Dub LA, Lurie LA (1939) Use of benzedrine in the depressed phase of the psychotic state.
• Sidell N, Abrams MI (1940) Treatment of chronic arthritis.
• Don CSD, Luxton RW, Donald HR, Ramsay WA, Macartney DW, Stewart Smith G, Adderley CH (1940) Treatment of pneumonia with M&B 693.
• Miller M (1941) Benzedrine sulphate in the treatment of nicotinism.
• Bell JA (1941) Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine.
• Hopkins WA (1943) Patulin in the common cold. IV: Biological properties: extended trial in the common cold.
• Harper AA, MacKay IFS, Raper HS, Camm GL (1943) Vitamins and physical fitness.
• British Homoeopathic Society (1943) Report on mustard gas experiments (Glasgow and London).
• Sigler LH, Tulgan J (1943) Treatment of angina pectoris by testosterone propionate.
• Stuart-Harris CH, Francis AE, Stansfeld JM (1943) Patulin in the common cold.
• Scadding JG (1944) Comparative effects of sulphonamide drugs in mild bacillary dysentery.
• Medical Research Council (1944) Clinical trial of patulin in the common cold.
• Fraser TN (1944-45) Gold treatment in rheumatoid arthritis.
• Stansfeld JM, Francis AE, Stuart-Harris CH (1944) Laboratory and clinical trials of Patulin.
• MacLeod CM, Hodges RG, Heidelberger M, Bernhard WG (1945) Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunization with specific capsular polysaccharides.
• Hill IGW, Guest AI (1945) Prevention of sea-sickness in assault craft.
• Bransby ER, Burn JL, Magee HE, MacKecknie DM (1946) Effect of a daily vitamin supplement on the health and development of children.
• Sher N (1946) Delayed menstruation: causes and treatment.
• Colebrook D (1946) Artificial sunlight treatment in industry.
• Jellinek EM (1946) Clinicial tests on comparative effectiveness of analgesic drugs.
• Wills L, Hill G, Bingham K, Miall M, Wrigley J (1947) Haemoglobin levels in pregnancy. The effect of the rationing scheme and routine administration of iron.
• Glickman I (1947) The use of penicillin lozenges in the treatment of Vincent’s infection and other acute gingival inflammations.
• Bell JA (1948b) Use of an alum-precipitated mixture of pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid.
• Elovainio E, Östling G (1948) Observations on preoperative treatment with strophanthin.
• Bakst H, Kissin M, Leibowitz S, Rinzler S (1948) The effects of intravenous aminophylline on the capacity of effort without pain in patients with angina of effort.
• Makinson DH, Oleesky S, Stone RV (1948) Vitamin E in angina pectoris.
• Bell JA (1948c) Use of two doses of an alum-precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine.
• Bell JA (1948a) The epidemiologiocal principles and procedures involved in a study of the prophylactic value of an alum-precipated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine.
• Medical Research Council (1948b) Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a Medical Research Council investigation.
• Travell J, Rinzler SH, Bakst H, Benjamin ZH, Bobb AL (1949) Comparison of effects of alpha-tocopherol and matching placebo on chest pain in patients with heart disease.
• Carliner PE, Radman HM, Gay LN (1949) Treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with Dramamine – preliminary report.
• Nitsch K (1949) Ulcusleiden und vegetatives Nervensystem.
• Bingel A (1949) Wirkt das Diphtherieheilserum bei der menschlichen Diphtheriekrankheit spezifisch durch seinen Antitoxingehalt oder unspezifisch?
• Bignall JR, Crofton J (1949) Antihistamine drugs in the treatment of nausea and vomiting due to streptomycin.
• Birk G, Böhm A (1950) Leberextrakt als Roborans?
• Medical Research Council (1950) Clinical trials of antihistaminic drugs in the prevention and treatment of the common cold.
• Quin CA, Mason RM, Knowelden J (1950) Clinical assessment of rapidly acting agents in rheumatoid arthritis.
• Greiner T, Gold H, Cattel M, Travell J, Bakst H, Rinzler SH, Benjamin ZH, Warshaw LJ, Bobb AL, Kwit NT, Modell W, Rothendler HH, Messeloff CR, Kramer ML (1950) A method for the evaluation of the effects of drugs on cardiac pain in patients with angina of effort.
• Cartwright EW (1951) Dramamine in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
• Glaser EM, Hervey GR (1951) The prevention of seasickness with hyoscine, Benadryl and Phenergan.
• Medical Research Council (1951) The prevention of whooping-cough by vaccination.
• Neuwirth I, Chilton NW (1951) The clinical effectiveness of different concentrations of procaine for mandibular extractions.
• Hogben L, Sim M (1953) The self-controlled and self-recorded clinical trial for low grade morbidity.
• Livingston KE (1953) Cingulate cortex isolation for the treatment of psychoses and psychoneuroses.
• Conference on Therapy [Gold H] (1954) How to evaluate a new drug.
• Hare EH (1955) Comparative efficacy of hypnotics: a self-controlled, self-recorded clinical trial in neurotic patients.
• Straus B, Eisenberg J, Gennis J (1955) Hypnotic effects of an anti-histamine – methapyrilene hydrochloride.
• Tebrock HE, Arminio JJ, Johnston JH (1956) Usefulness of bioflavinoids and ascorbic acid in treatment of common cold.
• Franz WL, Sands GW, Heyl HL (1956) Blood ascorbic acid level in bioflavinoid and ascorbic acid therapy of common cold.
• Comstock GW (1962) Isoniazid prophylaxis in an undeveloped area.
• Dürrigl T, Vitaus, Pucar I, Miko M (1975) Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren): results of a multicentre comparative trial in adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis.
• Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) (1986) Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction.
• ISIS-2 (second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1988) Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2.
• Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG (1995) Empirical evidence of bias: dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials.