Context

Cluster allocation

• Van Helmont JB (1648) Ortus medicinæ: Id est Initia physicæ inaudita. Progressus medicinae novus, in morborum ultionem, ad vitam longam. [The dawn of medicine: That is, the beginning of a new Physic. A new advance in medicine, a victory over disease, to [promote] a long life
• Celli A (1900a) La nuova profilassi della malaria nel Lazio [The new prophylaxis against malaria in Lazio].
• Celli A (1900b) The new prophylaxis against malaria in Lazio.
• Amberson JB, McMahon BT, Pinner M (1931) A clinical trial of sanocrysin in pulmonary tuberculosis.
• Lindquist EF (1940) Statistical analysis in educational research.
• Coburn AF (1944) The prevention of respiratory tract bacterial infections.
• Mellanby H, Andrewes CH, Dudgeon JA, Mackay DG (1948) Vaccination against influenza A.
• Comstock GW (1962) Isoniazid prophylaxis in an undeveloped area.
• Berelson B, Freedman R (1964) A study in fertility control.
• Horwitz O, Payne PG, Wilbek E (1966) Epidemiologic basis for tuberculosis eradication. 4. The isoniazid trial in Greenland.
• Storey J, Rossi-Espagnet A, Mandel SPH, Matsushima T, Lietaert P, Thomas D, Brøgger S, Duby C, Gramiccia G (1973) Sulfalene with pyrimethamine and chloroquine with pyrimethamine in single-dose treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infections.
• Horwitz O, Magnus K (1974) Epidemiologic evaluation of chemoprophylaxis against tuberculosis.
• Reiss ML, Piotrowski WD, Bailey JS (1976) Behavioral community psychology: Encouraging low-income parents to seek dental care for their children.
• Farquhar JW (1978) The community-based model of life style intervention trials.
• Fisher SG (1980) The use of time limits in brief psychotherapy: a comparison of six-session, twelve-session, and unlimited treatment with families.
• Black RE, Dykes AC, Anderson KE, Wells JG, Sinclair SP, Gary GW Jr, Hatch MH, Gangarosa EJ (1981) Handwashing to prevent diarrhea in day-care centers
• Cohen DI, Littenberg B, Wetzel C, Neuhauser D (1982) Improving physician compliance with preventive medicine guidelines.
• Dwyer T, Coonan WE, Leitch DR, Hetzel BS, Baghurst RA (1983) An investigation of the effects of daily physical activity on the health of primary school students in South Australia.
• Lloyd DM, Alexander HM, Callcott R, Dobson AJ, Hardes GR, O'Connell DL, Leeder SR (1983) Cigarette smoking and drug use in schoolchildren: III--evaluation of a smoking prevention education programme
• Sutter EE, Ballard RC (1983) Community participation in the control of trachoma in Gazankulu.
• Rose G, Tunstall-Pedoe HD, Heller RF (1983) UK heart disease prevention project: Incidence and mortality results.
• Vogt RL, Larue D, Klaucke DN, Jillson DA (1983) Comparison of an active and passive surveillance system of primary care providers for Hepatitis, Measles, Rubella, and Salmonellosis in Vermont.
• Perry CL, Telch MJ, Killen MJ, Burke J, Maccoby N (1983) High school smoking prevention: The relative efficacy of varied treatments and instructions.
• McGhan WF, Smith WE, Adams DW (1983) A randomized trial comparing pharmacists and technicians as dispensers of prescriptions for ambulatory patients.
• McDonald CJ, Hui SL, Smith DM, Tierney WM, Cohen SJ, Weinberger M, McCabe GP (1984) Reminders to physicians from an introspective computer medical record. A two-year randomized trial.
• Gehlbach SH, Wilkinson WE, Hammond WE, Clapp NE, Finn AL, Taylor WJ, Rodell M (1984) Improving drug prescribing in a primary care practice.
• Graham JW, Flay BR, Johnson CA, Hansen WB, Collins LM (1984) A multiattribute utility measurement approach to the use of random assignment with small numbers of aggregated units.
• Sommers LS, Sholtz R, Shepherd RM, Starkweather DB (1984) Physician involvement in quality assurance.
• Yokley JM, Glenwick DS (1984) Increasing the immunization of preschool children; An evaluation of applied community interventions.
• Roberts MM, Alexander FE, Anderson TJ, Forrest APM, Hepburn W, Huggins A, Kirkpatrick AE, Lamb J, Lutz W, Muir BB (1984) The Edinburgh randomised trial of screening for breast cancer: Description of method.
• Simons-Morton BG, Coates TJ, Saylor KE, Sereghy E, Barofsky I (1984) Great Sensations: a program to encourage heart healthy snacking by high school students.
• Dielman TE, Leech SL, Lorenger AT, Horvath WJ (1984) Resisting pressures to smoke: a longitudinal study.
• Tabár L, Fagerberg CJ, Gad A, Baldetorp L, Holmberg LH, Gröntoft O, Ljungquist U, Lundström B, Månson JC, Eklund G, Day NE, Pettersson F (1985) Reduction in mortality from breast cancer after mass screening with mammography
• Kornitzer M, Rose G (1985) WHO European Collaborative Trial of multifactorial prevention of coronary heart disease.
• Flay BR, Ryan KB, Best JA, Brown KS, Kersell MW, d'Avernas JR, Zanna MP (1985) Are social-psychological smoking prevention programs effective? The Waterloo study.
• Walter HJ, Hofman A, Connelly PA, Barrett LT, Kost KL (1985) Primary prevention of chronic disease in childhood: changes in risk factors after one year of intervention.
• Puska P, Nissinen A, Pietinen P, Iacono J (1985) Role of dietary fat in blood pressure control.
• Walsh MM (1985) Effects of school-based dental health education on knowledge, attitudes and behavior of adolescents in San Francisco.
• Bass MJ, McWhinney IR, Donner A (1986) Do family physicians need medical assistants to detect and manage hypertension?
• Connor MK, Smith LG, Fryer A, Erickson S, Fryer S, Drake J (1986) Future Fit: A cardiovascular health education and fitness project in an after-school setting.
• Evans CE, Haynes RB, Birkett NJ, Gilbert JR, Taylor DW, Sackett DL, Johnston ME, Hewson SA (1986) Does a mailed continuing education program improve physician performance? Results of a randomized trial in antihypertensive care.
• Sommer A, Tarwotjo I, Djunaedi E, West KP Jr, Loeden AA, Tilden R, Mele L (1986) Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality. A randomised controlled community trial.
• World Health Organisation European Collaborative Group (1986) European collaborative trial of multifactorial prevention of coronary heart disease: final report on the 6-year results.
• Chassin MR, McCue SM (1986) A randomized trial of medical quality assurance. Improving physicians’ use of pelvimetry.
• Stross JK, Banwell BF, Wolf FM, Becker MC (1986) Evaluation of an education program on the management of rheumatic diseases for physical therapists.
• Choi T, Jameson H, Brekke ML, Podratz RO, Mundahl H (1986) Effects on nurse retention. An experiment with scheduling.
• Stanton BF, Clemens JD (1987) An educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behaviors to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh. II. A randomized trial to assess the impact of the intervention on hygienic behaviors and rates of diarrhea.
• Goldberg HI, Cohen DI, Hershey CO, Hsiue I, Porter DK, McClaren CE (1987) A randomized controlled trial of academic group practice.
• Mayer JA, Dubbert PM, Scott RR, Dawson BL, Ekstrand ML, Fondren TG (1987) Breast self-examination: The effects of personalized prompts on practice frequency.
• Biglan A, Severson H, Ary D, Faller C, Gallison C, Thompson R, Glasgow R, Lichtenstein E (1987) Do smoking prevention programs really work? Attrition and internal and external validity of an evaluation of a refusals skills training program.
• Farr BM, Hendley JO, Kaiser DL, Gwaltney JM (1988) Two randomized controlled trials of virucidal nasal tissues in the prevention of natural upper respiratory infections.
• Wilson DM, Taylor DW, Gilbert JR, Best JA, Lindsay EA, Willms DG, Singer J (1988) A randomized trial of a family physician intervention for smoking cessation.
• Job-Spira N, Meyer L, Bouvet E, Janaud A, Spira A (1988) The prevention of sexually transmitted diseases which affect fertility: methodological problems and initial results.
• West KP, Djunaedi E, Pandji A, Kusdiono, Tarwotjo I, Sommer A (1988) Vitamin A supplementation and growth: a randomized community trial.
• Grant A, Elbourne D, Valentin L, Alexander S (1989) Routine formal fetal movement counting and risk of antepartum late death in normally formed singletons.
• Bush PJ, Zuckerman AE, Theiss PK, Taggart VS, Horowitz C, Sheridan MJ, Walter HJ (1989) Cardiovascular risk factor prevention in black schoolchildren: two-year results of the "Know Your Body" program.
• Dielman TE, Shope JT, Leech SL, Butchart AT (1989) Differential effectiveness of an elementary school-based alcohol misuse prevention program.
• Gyorkos TW, Frappier-Davignon L, MacLean JD, Viens P (1989) Effect of screening and treatment on imported intestinal parasite infections: results from a randomized, controlled trial.
• Seto WH, Ching PTY, Fung JPM, Fielding R (1989) The role of communication in the alteration of patient-care practices in hospital-a prospective study.
• Kottke TE, Brekke ML, Solberg LI, Hughes JR (1989) A randomized trial to increase smoking intervention by physicians. Doctors helping smokers, round 1.
• Rubenstein LV, Calkins DR, Young RT, Cleary PD, Fink A, Kosecoff J, Jette AM, Davies AR, Delbanco TL, Brook RH (1989) Improving patient function: A randomized trial of functional disability screening.
• Flay BR, Koepke D, Thomson SJ, Santi S, Best JA, Brown KS (1989) Six-year follow-up of the first Waterloo school smoking prevention trial.
• Fors SW, Owen S, Hall WD, McLaughlin J, Levinson R (1989) Evaluation of a diffusion strategy for school-based hypertension education.
• Donner A, Brown KS, Brasher P (1990) A methodological review of non-therapeutic intervention trials employing cluster randomization, 1979-1989.
• Worden JK, Solomon LJ, Flynn BS, Costanza MC, Foster RS, Dorwaldt AL, Weaver SO (1990) A community-wide program in breast self-examination training and maintenance.
• Johnson CA, Pentz MA, Weber MD, Dwyer JH, Baer N, MacKinnon DP, Hansen WB, Flay BR (1990) Relative effectiveness of comprehensive community programming for drug abuse prevention with high-risk and low-risk adolescents.
• Ary DV, Biglan A, Glasgow R, Zoref L, Black C, Ochs L, Severson H, Kelly R, Weissman W, Lichtenstein E, Brosovsky P, Wirt R, James L (1990) The efficacy of social-influence prevention programs versus "standard care": are new initiatives needed?
• Botvin GJ, Tortu S, Baker E Dusenbury L (1990) Preventing adolescent cigarette smoking: Resistance skills training and development of life skills.
• Abdeljaber MH, Monto AS, Tilden RL, Schork MA, Tarwotjo I (1991) The impact of Vitamin A supplementation on morbidity: a randomized community intervention trial.
• Bartlett AV, Englender SJ, Jarvis BA, Ludwig L, Carlson JF, Topping JP (1991) Controlled trial of Giardia lamblia: Control strategies in day care centers.
• Bauman KE, LaPrelle J, Brown JD, Koch GG, Padgett CA (1991) The influence of three mass media campaigns on variables related to adolescent cigarette smoking: Results of a field experiment.
• Hansen WB, Graham JW (1991) Preventing alcohol, marijuana and cigarette use among adolescents: Peer pressure resistance training versus establishing conservative norms.
• Knutsen SF, Knutsen R (1991) The Tromsø survey: The family intervention study-the effect of intervention on some coronary risk factors and dietary habits, a 6-year follow up.
• Payment P, Richardson L, Siemiatycki J, Dewar R, Edwardes M, Franco E (1991) A randomized trial to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal disease due to consumption of drinking water meeting current microbiological standards.
• Arbeit ML, Johnson CC, Mott DS, Harsha DW, Nicklas TA, Webber LS, Berenson GS (1992) The heart smart cardiovascular school health promotions: Behaviour correlates of risk factor change.
• Abernathy TJ, Bertrand LD (1992) Preventing cigarette smoking among children: Results of a four-year evaluation of the PAL program.
• Avorn J, Soumerai SB, Everitt DE, Ross-Degnan D, Beers MH, Sherman D, Salem-Schatz SR, Fields D (1992) A randomized trial of a program to reduce the use of psychoactive drugs in nursing homes.
• McCusker J, Stoddard Am, Zapka JG, Morrison CS, Zorn M, Lewis BF (1992) AIDS education for drug abusers: Evaluation of short-term effectiveness.
• Rimer BK, Resch N, King E, Ross E, Lerman C, Boyce A, Engstrom PF (1992) Multistrategy health education program to increase mammography use among women ages 65 and older.
• Sorensen G, Morris DM, Hunt MK, Hebert JR, Harris DR, Stoddart A, Ockene JK (1992) Work-site nutrition intervention and employees’ dietary habits: The treatwell program.
• Walker R, Heller R, Redman S, O’Connell D, Boulton J (1992) Reduction of ischemic heart disease risk markers in the teenage children of heart attack patients.
• O’Hare PA (1992) Comparing two models of discharge planning rounds in acute care.
• Bell RM, Ellickson PL, Harrison ER (1993) Do drug prevention effects persist into high school? How project ALERT did with 9th graders.
• Elder JP, Wildey M, de Moor C, Sallis JF, Eckhardt L, Edwards C, Erickson A, Golbeck A, Hovell M, Johnston D, Levitz MD, Molgaard C, Young R, Vito D, Woodruff SI (1993) The long-term prevention of tobacco use among junior high school students: Classroom and telephone investigations.
• Gomel M, Oldenburg B, Simpson JM, Owen N (1993) Work-site cardiovascular risk reduction: A randomized trial of health risk assessment, education, counseling, and incentives.
• Lewis BS, Lynch WD (1993) The effect of physician advice on exercise behavior.
• Sussman S, Dent CW, Stacy AW, Sun P, Craig S, Simon TR, Burton D, Flay BR (1993) Project towards no tobacco use: 1-year behavior outcomes.
• Jeffery RW, Forster JL, French SA, Kelder SH, Lando HA, McGovern PG, Jacobs DR, Baxter JE (1993) The healthy worker project: A work-site intervention for weight control and smoking cessation.
• Simpson JM, Klar N, Donner A (1995) Accounting for cluster randomization: a review of primary prevention trials, 1990 through 1993.
• Donner A, Klar N (2000) Design and analysis of cluster randomization trials in health research.
• Biglan A, Ary DV, Smolkowski K, Duncan T, Black C (2000) A randomised controlled trial of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use.
• Kramer MS, Martin RM, Sterne JA, Shapiro S, Mourad D, Platt RW (2009) The double jeopardy of clustered measurement and cluster randomisation.