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Fair tests of treatments in health care
Why fair tests are needed
Why comparisons are essential
Why comparisons must address genuine uncertainties
Avoiding biased comparisons
Differences between the people compared
Differences in the way treatment outcomes are assessed
Interpreting unbiased comparisons
Differences between intended treatments and treatments actually received
Taking account of the play of chance
Identifying unanticipated effects of treatments
Systematic reviews of all the relevant evidence
Dealing with biased reporting of the available evidence
Avoiding biased selection from the available evidence
Reducing the play of chance using meta-analysis
Up-to-date, systematic reviews of all relevant, reliable evidence
JLL Bulletin:
Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation
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